Creating Economic Self-Sufficiency through Village Model Micro-Lending
(U.S. & India)
GiGi Colson
Executive Director Institute for Poverty Awareness and Education, Inc.
Presented at “Women Working to Make a Difference,” IWPR’s Seventh International
Women’s Policy Research Conference, June 2003
Abstract
Effective response must come from those who are oppressed. When the women of
Matigara in West Bengal said they did not want charity but could put loans to good use,
this was and is an effective response. I experienced the same effective response when the
women in Woonsocket, Rhode Island said they were without the financial tools to create
livable economic self sufficiency plans.
The implications of the village model of micro-lending around the world are
significant. Micro-lending goes to the root of poverty where lack of entitlement results in
women being in unsafe, unhealthy environments affected by insufficient livelihoods,
discrimination, and alienation. Policy which extends itself to the creative solutions
available within micro-credit lending is key to the true and sustained removal of poverty.
2
Micro-credit Lending – U.S. and India
What happens when night falls and Mamoni is too sick to go to school the next day
because she has TB and Saapan, her father, knows he has no money for the medicine that
might make her well. What happens to her mother who cannot be around to take care of
her sick child because she is working all day for little return at the local hospital and
must still pay every week the one who got her the job even though it has been three years
since he found her employment. What happens when night falls and Raj’s stomach is not
quite full enough and Sonum is crying because her ears ache and there is nothing and no
one to bring her relief. What happens when night falls?
The basis for the success of the micro-credit lending program lies in the ownership of
it in the hands of the women who take part in it. Both in the U.S. and in India, women
who are traditionally and historically most affected by poverty take back the reigns of
decision making, empowered by their own ability to create economic self-sufficiency
through the restoration of their human right to credit.
Returning to his native Bangladesh from school in the United States equipped with
economic theories, Muhammad Yunus did not know how to deal with the reality of a
woman he met in Jobra village who made 14 cents per day. Nothing in his learning on
the way to becoming an economist had prepared him for such reality. He was convinced
the very economics system in place would ensure the woman’s poverty over her lifetime
rather than creating any change. Yunus talked with many people in Jobra village and
with his students at Chittagong University who had to walk through Jobra to get to
school.
With $27.00 in his pocket, Yunus lent the money to forty-two people in the village.
That $27.00 would become the seed that would grow the idea for a bank run by and for
and with the rural poor. Despite knowing nothing about banking, Yunus moved forward
with his pilot project in l977 with government bankers trying to undermine the project
almost every step of the way. The government banks said the tiny loans were not worth
the paperwork, that the poor would not be able to cope with it and that the people would
not repay the loans. Yunus persisted and the Grameen (village) Bank was born.
Realizing that poor people in the villages could not gain access to credit because one
cannot put up poverty as collateral, Yunus set about creating a village bank that would
restore the human right to credit and the chance to move beyond poverty. Today there
are more than 2 ½ million borrowers in well over 40,000 villages in Bangladesh.
“Oko, kormo, singkola,” the members say at the end of their meetings, “unity, work
and discipline.” This is more than a simple loan process; it is a life changing process.
“We changed our life, you will change after this,” said Momotas Begum, a borrower
from the Shojunkati Landless Women’s Center. “Aie amadar pot chola,” the women
chanted after the meeting, “this is our way.” They are committed to stay on as members
of the Grameen until their lives are changed. These women have made considerable
changes in the lives of their families. They have tried a path unknown to them and
3
succeeded at great odds. Because of these women, generations to come will not suffer as
they have.
At the Showrah Landless Women’s Center under a tiny open bamboo structure the
women built themselves, 30 women borrowers gathered for a meeting. Nassrima took
her first loan here 12 years ago when she was living in her father’s house. Her first loan
was for 2,500 taka (about U.S. $46.00), which she paid back successfully. Nassrima now
lives in a house of her own, owns cows and chickens and is paying back a 10,000 taka
loan that she used to buy the land that she lives on. Through the power of Grameen,
slowly the laws are changing in Bangladesh about women being able to purchase land in
her own name. “If the women are given money (through loans), they can do something;
her work can change her life,” said Nassrima.
After nearly twenty years of working in relief settings, IPAE (Institute for Poverty
Awareness and Education) was founded three years ago. Its mission was influenced by
Bangladeshi refugee women living in abject poverty in India. These women of Matigara
in upper West Bengal live and work along the Balason River crushing rocks by hand with
a piece of iron from sunup until sundown for little return. The women of Matigara were
adamant they did not want charity but could use loans such as they had witnessed through
the Grameen in their native Bangladesh.
With the help of Nityabrata Das, a Bengali interested in the eradication of poverty,
IPAE teamed with Swaraj, a poverty focused organization founded by Das. The previous
two years, IPAE had dedicated its energies assessing micro-lending projects with another
Indian organization in five rural districts of West Bengal. Partnering with Swaraj would
afford IPAE the opportunity to have a more hands-on capacity while walking with
struggling women to provide the tools to create economic self-sufficiency. It is not good
enough to provide training and jobs to women with inadequate income when the training
and jobs keep these women entrapped by too small income and faced with unaffordable
housing and health risk.
When we first met in 1999, Maloti Ray rose at 4:00 a.m. every day and straight away
went to the river to work. She lives on the river embankment in a small and inadequate
bamboo hut. Her elderly mother-in-law does the cooking and watches the smaller
children. At 8:00 a.m., Maloti would come back up the embankment to eat. After
eating, she would return to the river until noon. Sometimes when there is much work and
the contractors need an especially large load of stone, the children brought food to Maloti
at the river. She might have stopped for an hour or so when the sun was high in the sky
as it is unbearably hot to work but her breaks were not long. Staying at the riverside until
6:00 or 7:00 p.m., Maloti would often skip her evening meal (sometimes because there
was none) and work overtime until 11:00 p.m. (It is an eerie sound to hear the breaking of
stone by human hands and no machinery as one stands high above on the Balason Bridge
in the dark of night.)
“Daily laborers have endless misery,” Maloti said in 1999. She is acutely aware of the
different classes of people and cannot understand how anyone outside of those who do
4
work by the river could possibly understand or listen to their stories. “If you share our
sorrow with people like us,” said Maloti, “they will feel empathy…if you share with
higher, they will simply laugh at us.”
Today because of her involvement with micro-lending, Maloti’s life is beginning to
change. “I have regained my voice,” she said recently, “that is the greatest thing.” Maloti
has been able to start a small business with a micro-loan. She sells ready-made clothing
from a stall within the village in the afternoons. She presently still breaks stones but soon
she will be in a position to leave her life of rock breaking behind. She has become a
member of IPAE’s international board of directors along with Sefali Ray, representing
the women rock breakers of Matigara. Change is indeed possible. Change must go to the
root of poverty and must not create new dependence.
Walking with women who struggle in India and in the U.S. has taught me the
importance of naming our own worlds, that is, through reflection and action the present
situation can be changed by the very people whose lives are so affected by the
deprivation. If change does not come from those who struggle, even if entitlements are
restored, ownership both material and psychological will not be theirs.
We must become agents of change together. Women the world over who are
struggling are looking for the tools in order to create economic self sufficiency.
Illiteracy both in the written word and in finances must be acknowledged. All too often
those who are working in “relief” do not affect the roots of how and why poverty grows
like a wild weed. Paulo Friere who was “asked to leave” his country because of his
revolutionary work with poor peoples in Brazil said that the education of liberation must
come from those who are oppressed; effective response must be learned from the very
people who struggle, from walking together as “us” and not “them.” Liberation (from
poverty) cannot happen if the oppressed are left out of the very discussion that is meant to
create change. This “walking with” is an extremely important aspect in the “how” of an
effective micro-lending program.
Women who are robbed of their dignity and the ability to make decisions for themselves
and their families have a right to thrive and not just survive. “I can’t afford to keep a roof
over my kids’ head,” said Diane in Woonsocket, Rhode Island, “the more you work the
more the state takes away from you.”
Diane is right. The state system keeps people poor. Public assistance recipients are
penalized if they save too much, work too much or make too much money thus never
giving them the opportunity to gradually work off their benefits. Because her ex-husband
had a one-time holiday bonus in his pay and it was reflected in her child support, FIP
(Family Independence Program) cut Diane’s monthly payments from $500 to $300 to
$100 per month in a short period of time. “I cannot get ahead,” Diane reflected on the
cuts.
Planning ahead, Diane sought out the housing authority and applied for public housing
because she knew once winter arrived again, the bills would only mount. Essentially,
5
Diane fell through the cracks in the system. Eventually the housing authority revealed to
Diane that she was being denied housing on the basis of poor credit.
Last May, Thrive was started in Woonsocket for people like Diane. Much like its
counterpart in India, Thrive seeks to put into the hands of women who have inadequate
income the tools to create freedom from debt and the ability to thrive. Thrive is about
more than just surviving. This financial services program including micro-credit lending
began with its first group in May 2002. Four groups have since been established.
Components include financial literacy training, budgeting, business planning and creating
a final product of a self business plan which the women create themselves outlining in
detail how they will execute their plan for economic self sufficiency in their lives.
Six months ago, Anna came to IPAE’s Thrive program in debt. Following the
removal of one lung due to cancer, this single mother lost her paralegal job and due to her
new disability, could not see a way out of mounting debt. Anna and her daughter were
forced to move into public housing. Today, Anna is starting over. She is beginning to
rebuild her life and with the assistance of a loan has started a jewelry group-business with
the other women in her Thrive group. This has enabled Anna to work with her disability
and begin the road back to economic self-sufficiency.
For Mary, the road to economic recovery came through the beginning of a cleaning
business. Through the Thrive program, Mary was able to create a budget in such a way
that she did not need to take a loan to start her business. Her business is beginning to
grow and to thrive. Mary now lives on her own and is completely self-sufficient. Not
dreaming she could ever begin a new business, Mary is now seeking help from Thrive
collaborators with regards to hiring employees!
Though the lives of the women in India and in the U.S. seem worlds apart, both are
working to make a difference in their lives through financial services designed
specifically for them including micro-credit lending. The success of the women
mentioned here and that of countless women the world over inspires other women who
are struggling to regain their ability to make healthy financial decisions through creating
economic self sufficiency. “Before Thrive, I couldn’t let myself dream of owning a home
daycare. Now I believe that it’s not only possible but only a matter of time before my
dreams come true. The support, knowledge and guidance I have found at Thrive have
had a huge impact on my life…,” said Cheryl O., Thrive member
Poverty is not normal. We must work toward educating people about the great
disservice we do to our people when we normalize poverty. We need to keep sounding
the alarm.
So many people struggling to turn the wheel of the rickshaw one more time, to pull
great weight for little return, to hawk goods, to sift through garbage. Yesterday it struck
me as I watched a man pulling a cycle rickshaw with a small flat bed. It was weighted
with a beautifully crafted wooden table and heavy matching chairs piled high on the
small surface…it made me think of how the lifestyle of the rich is sustained on the backs
6
of the poor. Some would say this gives jobs to the poor and is therefore development.
But who will gain the end? The poor laborer or the one who is sitting at that now
delivered table filling their belly until it is content? In the village with our micro-lending
program, it seems different - the purpose for the loans and for what they are utilized go
directly to the poor. They labor more for themselves than for another. They are more in
control of the socio-economic conditions. Their lives, while still difficult, seem to me to
present a truer picture of development.
Selasa, 29 Maret 2011
Kamis, 24 Maret 2011
A Theoretical Approach for Developing Effective Public Relations Media Strategies
A Theoretical Approach for
Developing Effective Public
Relations Media Strategies
av Belio A. Martinez & Spiro kiousis
- Empowering Citizens in Emerging Democracies
St udier i Pol i t isk Kommu nikation n r 15 · 2 0 0 5
Studier i Politisk Kommunikation nr 15 · 2005 2
Demokratiinstitutet och Studier i Politisk Kommunikation
Demokrati institutet är ett forskningsinstitut inriktat på medierelaterad
demokratiforskning, demokratirelaterad medieforskning och den politiska
kommunikationen mellan medborgare, medier och politiker.
Syftet med rapportserien Studier i Politisk Kommunikation är att
sprida aktuell teoretisk och empirisk forskning samt bidra till en kvalificerad
debatt om den politiska kommunikationen och dess betydelse för demokratin
och dess sätt att fungera.
Rapportserien är öppen för såväl forskare och studenter som praktiker med
erfarenheter av samspelet mellan medier, politiker och medborgare. Den som
har ett bidrag som hon vill få publicerat i rapportserien är välkommen att
kontakta dess redaktör.
Demokratiinstitutet
851 70 Sundsvall
Forskningsledare vid Demokratiinstitutet
Redaktör rapportserien
Jesper Strömbäck
Telefon 060-14 86 17
E-post jesper.stromback@miun.se
Webbadress: www.demokratiinstitutet.com
Författare: Belio A. Martinez & Spiro Kiousis
Titel: A Theoretical Approach for Developing Effective
Public Relations Media Strategies. Empowering Citizens
in Emerging Democracies.
ISRN DMI-FoU-43-SE
Studier i Politisk Kommunikation nr 15 · 2005 3
Innehållsförteckning
sidan
Förord 4
Introduction 5
Community Development in Malaysia 6
A Multi-Pronged Theoretical Approach for
Nation- and Community Building 7
Perspectives in Mass/Political Communication 8
The Role of Human Communication Theory 9
A Postmodern Approach to Democratization 11
Framing Content for Media Messages 13
Conclusion 16
References 18
Studier i Politisk Kommunikation nr 15 · 2005 4
Förord
Att inget kan vara så praktiskt som en god teori är ett gammalt talesätt. Kanske
är det mer sant än någonsin när det handlar om strategisk kommunikation med
syfte att överbrygga etniska konflikter, bidra till fredlig samvaro och ökade
känslor av gemenskap i nya eller bräckliga demokratier. I sådana situationer är
insatserna särskilt höga, med tanke på vilka konsekvenser det kan få om
kommunikationsarbetet och informationskampanjerna misslyckas.
Mot den här bakgrunden diskuterar Belio A. Martinez och Spiro Kiousis i
den här rapporten olika teoretiska perspektiv som kan vara centrala vid
utformandet av public relations-kampanjer med syfte att överbrygga konflikter,
bidra till fredlig samvaro och stärkt gemenskap i nya och bräckliga demokratier.
Några av de teoretiska perspektiv som de diskuterar är gestaltningsteorin,
postmodern teori, public relations-teori och teorier hämtade från forskning i
politisk kommunikation och masskommunikation.
Förhoppningen är att ökad teoretisk insikt ska bidra till kampanjer som är
bättre på att nå sina syften. Författarna demonstrerar därmed också vikten av
att inte låsa sig vid ett teoretiskt perspektiv. Både som forskare, student eller
praktiker kan det finnas mycket att vinna på ökad öppenhet inför olika
perspektiv och på ökad insikt om den egna felbarheten.
För rapportens innehåll och slutsatser svarar författarna själva.
Jesper Strömbäck
Redaktör för rapportserien
Om författarna
Belio A. Martinez, Jr. är universitetslektor vid Department of Public
Relations vid University of Florida, där han också skrev sin doktorsavhandling.
Hans forskningsintresse handlar om politisk kommunikation, om hur public
relations kan användas för nationsbyggande och om kommunikation relaterad
till utvecklingsarbete, kultur och minoritetsgrupper.
Spiro Kiousis är universitetslektor vid Department of Public Relations vid
University of Florida. Hans doktorsavhandling gjordes vid University of Texas
at Austin. Hans forskningsintresse handlar i första hand om politisk
kommunikation, public relations och nya medier. Han har publicerat artiklar i
bland annat Journal of Communication, Communication Research, The Harvard
International Journal of Press/Politics och Journalism Studies.
Studier i Politisk Kommunikation nr 15 · 2005 5
Introduction
The Cold War rivalries of capitalism and communism brought about many
repercussions to a world already in shambles as a consequence of war and
destruction. While some of these ramifications were negative, others had an
arguably more positive impact on the global landscape. The negative
implications resulting from the Cold War were embodied in the form of
heightened tensions between superpowers, increased proliferation of nuclear
weapons, and fears of an even deadlier war than WWII. Conversely, a positive
outcome coming from the tension between the Soviet Union and the United
States was the emphasis both countries placed on nation building efforts, which
resulted in the advancement of theory and application of government public
relations strategies—namely communication for development strategies
(Cambridge, 2002). Since then, NGOs, social interest groups, and national
governments have created communication strategies for development
campaigns around the world. These public relations campaigns have become
the focus of national development efforts in areas such as health,
communications, and democratization (Snyder, 2002).
Fraser and Restrepo-Estrada (1998, p. 63) define communication for
development in the following manner:
The use of communication process, techniques and media to help people toward a full awareness of their
situation and their options for change, to resolve conflicts, to work toward consensus, to help people plan
actions for change and sustainable development, to help people acquire the knowledge and skills they need to
improve their condition and their society, and to improve the effectiveness of institutions.
According to Cambridge (2002), dominant strategies being used to promote
public awareness and information campaigns through communication for
development efforts include community mobilization, folk music, social
marketing, entertainment-education, and advocacy. These strategies are being
used to “promote, support, and sustain projects aimed at agriculture,
education, the environment, family planning and reproductive health,” says
Cambridge (2002). They are also relevant in “increasing political participation
practices and processes of communications for development and facilitating
community participation in the public discourses that nourish democratic
systems of governance” (p. 142). These strategies suggested by Cambridge (2002)
are available for multinational efforts in emerging nations and for domestic
efforts alike.
The following sections introduce theoretical paradigms, which we argue can
aid the public relations practitioner in designing and implementing effective
public relations campaigns for nation building. Each of these sections will
include a detailed description of the specific theoretical perspective being
introduced, followed by an argument about its usefulness as a heuristic for
developing communication strategies in democratization efforts. In brief, the
purpose of this paper is to develop a conceptual framework that can be used to
guide political and general social mobilization campaign efforts. The
Studier i Politisk Kommunikation nr 15 · 2005 6
propositions set forth here can then be empirically tested in the future within
the context of multiple campaigns to assess their utility.
Community Development in Malaysia
Before explicating the various theoretical perspectives considered here, it will
be useful to discuss a particular case that illustrates how public relations
campaigns for nation building may fail to meet their objectives when they are
not grounded in sufficient relevant theory. Taylor (2000a) describes such a case
study in her evaluation of The Neighborliness Campaigns (TNC) in Malaysia.
The Neighborliness Campaigns (1985 – present) consisted of a set of mass
media and interpersonal tactics aimed at improving relationships among
Malaysians of different ethnic groups living in the same communities.
Greater employment opportunities in Malaysian cities brought with them
an influx of Malays (Malaysia’s native ethnic group), who had previously been
farmers. As a result, the government saw the need to create housing units for
these new city residents. Large housing blocks were created to provide
residences for the newcomers. This form of housing was impersonal and in
sharp contrast with the small communities to which the new workers were
accustomed. Both Malays and Chinese Malaysians lived together in these
housing units.
To avoid a repeat of the 1969 ethnic killings, which ended in the deaths of
hundreds of Malaysians (mostly of Chinese origin), the government used
public relations campaigns to bring together the communities living in these
housing units. They used interpersonal and mass mediated tactics to first create
a sense of community by bringing ethnic groups together in service to the units
in which they lived. Second, the campaign aimed to foster a sense of
neighborhood by bringing people of the same ethnic origins together for
cultural activities. The two-fold campaign would encourage inter-ethnic
collaboration and acceptance, as well as foster intra-ethnic traditions.
Taylor’s (2000a) evaluation of this campaign revealed some interesting
results. Her analysis of survey respondents found that participants from the
housing units (treatment group) where the campaign was taking place were
“significantly more likely … than participants from the overall community
(control group) to agree to cooperate with the other races at work, in the
community, and in pursuit of national unity” (p. 195). She also found that race,
the second explanatory variable, did not have a significant effect on agreement
to cooperate. Therefore, the first goal was accomplished, but could only be
explained by distinctions in location of residence (housing units vs. overall
community).
A second goal of the campaign was to improve inter-ethnic attitudes
between Malays and Chinese residents. The analysis showed that there was no
significant difference between Malay respondents living in the neighborhoods
and those living in the regular community. Conversely, the attitudes of
Chinese residents living in the neighborhoods were significantly less favorable
than those in the control group.
Although both mass mediated and interpersonal tactics were used, the
campaign was unsuccessful in achieving its second objective. This could be
Studier i Politisk Kommunikation nr 15 · 2005 7
indicative of a public relations approach to nation building that lacks much or
any theoretical grounding. This campaign may have been negatively impacted
by a researcher/practitioner-centered approach to campaign implementation.
What is meant by researcher/practitioner-centered is a perspective that relies
solely on the previous experience of public relations professionals as the final
arbiter of meaning and strategy, rather than being guided by sound theory.
Taylor (2000a, p. 198) offers an explanation for the failure of the campaign to
produce attitudinal change among the Chinese residents:
There could be many possible reasons for such a counterproductive outcome. There is the possibility that the
campaign is seen in the Chinese community as a Malay tactic to advance the interest of Malays. This
attribution may arouse suspicions—possibly even the anger—of the Chinese who participate, whereas not so
antagonizing those who do not participate in the campaign.
Taylor’s (2000a) assessment is consistent with findings from political and mass
communication studies, which suggest a heightened sense of cynicism of
government institutions among audiences. Findings of this research will be
discussed later in this paper. Cynicism of government institutions is often
identified as the culprit of failed communication strategies in developed and
underdeveloped nations. Taylor (2000a) identifies the decisions to only target
neighborhoods with existing ethnic tensions for the campaign, Chinese
dissatisfaction with national policies regarding employment and education
favoring Malay citizens, and government influence in neighboring areas as
having a potentially negative impact on inter-ethnic relations and the
effectiveness of the campaign (p. 199). Taylor (2000a) further explains that
because communication campaigns do not take place in a “social vacuum,” the
national policies favoring the Malay over the Chinese residents may have
diminished the campaign’s effects. A more eclectic theoretical approach for this
campaign may have anticipated and prevented this outcome.
A Multi-Pronged Theoretical Approach for Nation- and
Community-Building
This discussion is guided by theoretical perspectives such as media framing,
postmodern practices in public relations, media grammars, media communities,
and concepts of “mobilizing information” in government communications
among others. These viewpoints come from literature in mass communication,
political communication, communication theory, and public relations, and they
shed light on the ways in which interpersonal, group, and mass mediated
communication impact political participation and thus communication for
development efforts. They offer insight into the ways media coverage may
shape public perceptions of government institutions. This discussion also
examines the impact that news content, as well as its orientation (e.g.
sensationalizing, conflict oriented, process oriented, etc.), may have on
audience perceptions of their news sources.
Studier i Politisk Kommunikation nr 15 · 2005 8
The following section introduces mass communication and political
communication research that offers insight into some of the image problems
that institutions of government can sometimes face. It also explicates how these
problems/challenges can be created by news media coverage of such
institutions.
Perspectives in Mass/Political Communication
Patterson and Caldeira (1990) examined variations in public esteem in the
United States Congress since the 1960s as registered by various public opinion
measures. Their analysis focused on identifying the different variables that may
have an impact (positive or negative) on job approval ratings for the Congress.
They identified presidential impact, economic conditions, coverage of
Congress by the mass media, and public salience of foreign affairs as key
determinants of public approval or disapproval of Congress. Because of the
scope of this investigation, comments will only be focused on Patterson and
Caldeira’s (1990) findings regarding media coverage. The authors suggested
that coverage of Congress in the mainstream media is generally negative. The
media also describes Congress as a backdrop to the presidency. Furthermore,
the coverage is focused on individual members of the institution or on a
particular committee (p. 34). Patterson and Caldeira (1990) found a higher
number of references to individual members of Congress than to the
institution or to a feature of it. They found that this latter characteristic of
media coverage of Congressional activities generally had a positive impact on
public opinion of Congress. They also identified a greater number of negative
stories about the institution of Congress than positive ones. These negative
stories influenced the public’s esteem of Congress and its two indicators—job
evaluation and confidence—in a negative way.
Scheufele (2000) examined the relationship among mass media use,
interpersonal discussion about politics, and participatory behavior. In an effort
to explain this relationship, he describes how the content of mass media, or its
lack thereof, has a bearing on the ability of “citizens to participate meaningfully
in politics on a day-to-day basis” (p. 50). Lemert (1981) refers to this type of
information as “mobilizing information” or information about how to
participate in the political process. It includes instructions about how to
register to vote, how to get a permit for holding a rally, where to vote, etc.
Scheufele (2000) offers two other explanations—news reporting trends and
characteristics of news media readers—for the relationship between mass media
use and interpersonal discussion about political activity. Specifically, he found
that interpersonal discussion of political information enhanced the chances of
becoming a political participant for those who consume hard political news. He
explains that newspapers are more widely used with an explicit informational
intent and that television is considered a more passive medium requiring less
involvement from its audience. This use, he asserts, makes newspapers a more
appropriate medium for measuring the impact of media use on political
participation. Scheufele (2000) concludes that the extent to which “mobilizing
information” is available in news media will determine the utilitarian level of
the media itself in stimulating political participation.
Studier i Politisk Kommunikation nr 15 · 2005 9
The “mobilizing” orientation of media is contrary to current trends in the
mainstream media coverage of political news, however. A study conducted by
Cappella and Jamieson (1997) offers evidence of this trend. They offered an
exhaustive analysis that explained how once citizens are stimulated by a
campaign and become involved with civics organizations, they can become
more active in civil society. Much depends on the channel being used when
seeking a mass mediated effect, research suggests. Also, the information
processing strategies of an audience member have an impact on mass media
strategy effectiveness. Cynicism is also a significant factor in various settings
and contexts. Cynicism is usually explained in terms of a lack of trust. Cappella
and Jamieson (1997) also suggested, along with Patterson (1994), that the
portrayal of people, groups and government organizations in the press as
untrustworthy has a negative effect on public conceptions of the subjects of
these portrayals. Patterson (1994) specifically suggests that the steady increase
in negative news by mainstream (commercial) media over the past 30 years
signals a cynical tone in news coverage of these institutions and individuals.
Parker (1981) blames the press for the public’s negative attitude toward
congressional activities. He explains that congressional journalists are often
commissioned with the difficult task of reporting on the same institution on a
daily basis. This, combined with the assumption that readers can only manage a
certain level of complexity, encourages journalists to engage in simplistic
reporting, which focuses on negative characterizations, conflict, and
competition and dedicates large amounts of copy to the individual players
rather than on the process as a whole. Therefore, this pervasive orientation in
commercial coverage of congressional business in the United States can have
detrimental effects if adopted by governmental communications agencies
seeking to improve inter-ethnic relations or to mobilize communities toward
increased political participation.
There is ample scholarship suggesting that negative, simplistic and/or
episodic coverage of government activities can have a detrimental effect on the
public’s perception of government institutions (Kiousis, 2002). A mass media
message, this research suggests, should be utilitarian in nature (mobilizing)
rather than dramatic in its emphasis. It should be process and event oriented
rather than sensationalizing and personality centered. These findings
highlight important aspects of news media that public relations practitioners
must become aware of when implementing mass media development
communication efforts in foreign nations that seek to enhance political
participation among their citizens.
The Role of Human Communication Theory
Scholarship in the area of human communication theory has introduced
concepts such as media grammars, interpretive communities, and media gaps,
which have shown to be helpful when one is seeking to explain the duality of
communication channels. These concepts have highlighted the way that a mass
medium can both empower and constrain the ability of citizens to participate in
the deliberative process in civil society. Gumpert and Cathcart (1985), for
example, defined the concept of media grammars as “those rules and
Studier i Politisk Kommunikation nr 15 · 2005 10
conventions based upon the properties which constitute media” (p. 23). They
explain that “persons are influenced by the convention and orientations
peculiar to the media process first acquired and related more readily to others
with similar a media set” (pp. 23-24). They hold the view that different
interpretive communities can be formed based on the way the people orient to,
interpret, and use a particular medium. They also suggest that having been
exposed to or having used one or several media technologies during their
youth will influence the way people orient toward a particular medium. They
conclude that people develop different states of media consciousness based on
the order of the acquisition of the media grammars, and that different levels of
media consciousness can produce media gaps, which in turn may either
separate or unite people.
Lum (1996) agrees with Gumpert and Cathcart (1985) as he defined an
interpretive community as “the sum of people who experience the text
according to a frame of reference commonly shared among them” (p. 20). He
also considers that an interpretive community shares a set of assumptions
resulting from prior “knowledge, experience, values, beliefs and expectations.”
In other words, people can all be participants of the same communication event
through the same technology and still come from that same communication
event with a different meaning and interpretation of what the medium’s
function within the community happens to be.
The concept of media grammar becomes clearer when observed from Lum’s
(1996) point of view. Consequently, the main point offered by Lum (1996) relates
to the non-deterministic character of technology. It stresses the probabilistic
and interactive character of communication media. It is people with their
cultures who use, respond to, and interpret the technology.
Meyrowitz (1994) introduces a medium-centered view that differs from
Gumpert and Cathcart (1985) and Lum’s (1996) constructionist view of the origin
of rules and grammars. He posits that different media (oral, written, and
electronic) bring with them their own set of inherent design features, which
place demands and limitations on the way in which they can be used.
Meyrowitz (1994) makes not only the community’s culturally specific grammar,
but the media’s grammar itself responsible for influencing the way communities
use communication channels.
These concepts support the view that all communication media are
inherently different and exercise their own restrictions on the ability of users.
However, it goes further by supporting the belief that the same medium can
lend itself to different applications by different individuals and communities.
Hence, the use of a communication audit in campaign research is critical to
determining the status of information flow and use of information between
private and governmental agencies and their publics. This literature also
supports the idea of adopting a postmodernist approach by public relations
professionals. A postmodernist approach will prove especially useful when
developing communication campaigns for nation building in multicultural
communities. This idea will be elaborated further in the following section.
Studier i Politisk Kommunikation nr 15 · 2005 11
A Postmodern Approach to Democratization
The postmodern approach to public relations highlights the problems of
inclusion of multiple voices facing nation building efforts that can often be
ignored by practitioners. The public relations practitioner is challenged to
depart from institutionalized and normative ways of designing and
implementing campaigns. The postmodern approach encourages the
practitioner to look beyond normative theories that propose symmetry and
relationships as effective communications campaigns strategies (Taylor 2000a;
Broom et al. 1997; Rogers, 1995; Grunig, 1992).
Recent theorizing in public relations has resulted in attempts to offer a
public relations approach that incorporates interpersonal strategies to
enhance the effectiveness of mass media usage. Taylor (2000b) argues that
“public relations, through its focus on media relations and relationship
building, is an integral part of the civil society function” (p. 2). Emphasis on
adopting a “relational” approach to doing public relations has emerged from a
general literature on public relations practices, as well as research investigating
nation building efforts (Taylor, 2000a; Taylor, 2000b; Broom et al., 1997; Rogers,
1995). Such research, however, has fallen short of providing a clear definition
of what constitutes a relationship.
Research looking at the nature of relationships has used behavior, such as
the intent of a member of an ethnic group to collaborate with members of
another ethnic group, as a conceptualization for a relationship. Taylor (2000a)
and Broom et al. (1997) offer “control,” “trust,” and “intimacy” as social
dimensions that can both empower and constrain interactants in a
relationship. Mass communication theory has also contributed to the idea of
emphasizing relationships when seeking attitudinal or behavioral changes in
publics. Rogers’ diffusion theory (1995) encourages the combination of both
mass media communication and face-to-face interaction for more effective
long-term communication campaigns (p. 18). These perspectives, although
representing a good initial first step in efforts to move beyond a mass
communication model of public relations that has been characteristic of nation
building efforts, have yet to offer a viable mechanism to measure relationships.
A postmodern approach to public relations campaigns for nation building
goes beyond these ideas.
A postmodernist approach will place less emphasis on modern assumptions
such as social coherence and notions of causality. Best and Kellner (1991) argue
that postmodernism will be in favor of multiplicity, plurality, fragmentation,
and indeterminacy. They claim that “postmodern theory abandons the rational
and unified subject postulated by much modern theory in favor of a socially
and linguistically decentered and fragmented subject” (p. 5). Holtzhausen and
Voto (2002) describe postmodern theory as having no central or normative
theory. They add that “postmodernists revel in multiplicity and diversity and
in even questioning their own theoretical perspectives.”
Lyotard (1988) said that “theories themselves are concealed narratives (and)
we should not be taken by their claim to be valid for all times” (p.126-130).
Lyotard’s (1988) general ideas on postmodern theory, as well as those of Best
and Kellner (1991), can be extended to suggest a set of postmodern public
relations practices. A postmodern approach to doing public relations research,
Studier i Politisk Kommunikation nr 15 · 2005 12
therefore, avoids adopting any normative or foundational laws or rules for
interpreting human behavior or engaging publics. This approach encourages
the use of different lenses when looking at human behavior and allows its
practices to be informed by such behavior and its meaning. Looking at the
issues, needs, or conditions of citizens of a developing nation vis-à-vis a
postmodern lens will provide the practitioner/researcher with a correct
interpretation(s) of such issues, needs, or conditions. These culture specific
interpretations will inform all levels of the public relations process in nation
building.
The practitioner using the postmodern perspective of public relations for
nation building will build on Holtzhausen’s (2000) ideas of inclusion of
multiple voices in the relationship process between organizations and their
publics, public relations research, and the role of the public relations
practitioner. Practitioners using a postmodern lens will also avoid
complicating research efforts with abstraction that offers no specific instruction
on how to make research more “postmodern” and does not go beyond
advising the practitioner/researcher to adopt a situational approach
(Holtzhausen, 2000). The postmodern approach informs the practitioner of
exactly how to incorporate the public’s perceptions and reality into the
multiple levels of the public relations media campaign.
A practical and philosophical departure from the modernist view is
recommended here. However, a warning is also issued regarding the dangers
of adopting the extremist modes of thinking, behaving, and working that can
sometimes be espoused in a postmodern perspective. Grindal (1994, p. 29) says
it best in the following excerpt:
We have a choice. We can chosoe to harness our energies—our knowledge, experience, our moral and
aesthetic sensibilities—to help create a better world, a world in which we work with others to attain essential
truths, the vital strivings of a good life. Or we can give ourselves over to a decentered world in which nothing is
real and everything is politics, a world of despair. A world in which academics, frustrated by their inability to
affect positive social change, but yet covetous of the power to do such, engage in progressively opaque, narrowly
vindictive, self-serving, and endless proliferations or ‘inventions’ of truth… Postmodernism, if it doesn’t watch
itself, could lose itself in a distorted mirror of its own abstractions. What was once a rich reality of human life
could become a dry formal argument, a vindictive play of ideas, an exercise in intellectual irrelevance or what
the boys at the Down Home Auto Repair would call ‘bullshit.’
The pitfalls of postmodernism are circumvented by avoiding the weaknesses
also inherent in this perspective—becoming too vague, questioning all moral
value, and not accepting any truth as such.
The approach to public relations proposed in this paper incorporates
three dimensions that encompass a philosophy of thought and practice that
can have a significant impact on meaning interpretations/creation and
evaluation of effectiveness in mass media messages for nation building. These
three dimensions are collaboration, openness, and deference.
Collaboration refers to the ability and intent of media practitioners to rely
on target public’s input to identify general, as well as culture specific
Studier i Politisk Kommunikation nr 15 · 2005 13
needs/issues, value orientations and cultural dimensions when developing
media campaigns for nation building (Gudykunst, 1997; Brislin, 1993; Hofstede,
1980 & 1991; Brislin, 1970; Kluckhohn & Strodtbeck, 1961).
Openness refers to the media practitioner’s desire and capacity to adapt to
and incorporate the target public’s perspectives and interpretations of
needs/issues into the multi-levels of the campaign development process. It also
refers to the ability of practitioners to access various research methods and
campaign strategies and tactics, as well as create new and innovative ways of
communicating with each public (Gaskell 1994; Johnson & Tuttle, 1989; Lonner
& Berry, 1986; Triandis & Berry, 1980).
Deference refers to the state of mind of media practitioners that empowers
them to accept and consider views and interpretations of phenomena different
from their own (Brislin, 1993; Lincoln, 1995; Lincoln & Guba, 1985). These three
dimensions should be present at every level of the public relations process.
By adopting a postmodern perspective for conducting public relations
media campaigns for nation building, the practitioner will increase the
accuracy of the research techniques. He will also reduce the likelihood of
engaging in ethnocentric behavior that could negatively impact the campaign’s
effectiveness, and enhance the possibility of achieving the desired change in
attitude and behavior. A postmodern approach, while more time consuming,
can also make the messages carried by the mass media much more enduring
and effective in the long-run.
Framing Content for Media Messages
Similar to postmodernism, the concept of framing equips the mass media or
public relations practitioner with the tools necessary to craft more relevant and
effective strategies for political mobilization efforts and other
community/nation building strategies. The concept of framing was first
introduced by the linguist and sociologist Erving Goffman (1974) and by
anthropologist Gregory Bateson (1955). Goffman credits Bateson as having
coined the term “frame” in the sense of a frame of interpretation about what is
going on in a particular social situation. However, it is Goffman who later
introduces the framing concept as a heuristic for the analysis of face-to-face
interactions. Goffman (1974) defines a frame as a “schemata of interpretation”
used by individuals in their sense-making efforts of information or events (p.
21). Reese’s (1997) definition of frames is synchronous with that of Goffman. He
describes frames as “organizing principles that are socially shared and
persistent over time, that work symbolically to meaningfully structure the social
world” (p. 5).
The exclusionary and inclusionary characteristics of frames are denoted
by Entman (1993) as he explains that “frames select and call attention to
particular aspects of the reality described, which logically means that frames
simultaneously direct attention away from other aspects” (p. 54). The metaphor
suggested here is that of a window view or window frame. Those who create a
message have the ability and make the decision as to what information is made
available and what information is left out. In his description of the location of
the framing process, Entman identifies four places where frames can occur or
Studier i Politisk Kommunikation nr 15 · 2005 14
be found in the communication process: the communicator, the receiver, the
text, and the cultural framework.
Although this discussion acknowledges and incorporates the contribution
of Entman (1993) to framing as a communication paradigm, it does not seek to
present the framing process as “fragmented.” Instead, the framing perspective
suggested will look at framing as an ongoing, multidimensional and
simultaneously multidirectional process, with no specific beginning or end.
This discussion advances the point of view that the process of framing can only
be understood through careful analysis of the underlying values,
idiosyncrasies, and objectives outlined by all players as they simultaneously
struggle to define the important frames. Ultimately the audience determines
what the dominant frame will be. Consequently, this approach to framing
analysis acknowledges the contributions made by all collaborators to this
dialogical process, but identifies the audience as the final arbiter.
The framing view suggested here is concerned with the media practitioner
possessing an understanding of how framing is used to make rhetorical
decisions for mass media content. It is also important to understand how these
frames are played out by the media and interpreted by constituencies in the
political environment. Therefore, more influential in this stream of thought is
the research and theorizing on framing analysis that highlights the process of
constructing culturally relevant frames, the history of frames, their
pervasiveness throughout society, the community shaping character of frames,
the recognizability of frames, the power of frames to elicit deeply rooted
emotions and experience, and the ability of frames to shed light on diverse
power structures in society (Gitlin, 1980; Gamson & Modigliani, 1987; Durham,
2001; Hertog & McLeod, 2001).
Hertog and McLeod (2001) depart from Reese’s definition of frames as
organizing principles, and they advance the notion of frames as having their
own content rather than organizing content that exists within the environment
that frames operate. These authors argue that frames are cultural as opposed to
cognitive phenomena. Their meaning is conveyed through the use of culturally
significant symbols. Additionally, they have tremendous symbolic power; they
carry extensive meaning and have widespread recognition. Frames are
pervasive throughout society in advertising, popular music, email, etc. (p. 142).
Frames provide media practitioners with the necessary tools to craft
campaign messages, speeches, television ads, and other tactics in a way that
ensures resonance with relevant constituencies in an election contest. They
afford a campaign team the means to create a connection with a group,
energize and motivate a base by appealing to deeply held attitudes, values, and
ideals. A carefully designed frame will create synergy between an organization
and its key publics. Conversely, a poorly crafted frame can distance the
organization from important constituencies; this may also result in
communication problems, misunderstandings, ethnic tensions, and low voter
participation in election activities.
Durham (2001) contends that frames assign meaning to events, recognize a
voice, and also make a statement about power, dominance, hegemony, and
exclusion of other voices. His grounding in Jameson’s “Empirical Realism”
(1984, 1991) suggests a departure from the bipolar reasoning encouraged by
Studier i Politisk Kommunikation nr 15 · 2005 15
empiricism. Durham (2001) believes in a holistic (postmodern) approach to the
study of the meaning embedded in media frames. Such an approach, says
Durham (2001), highlights inequities and raises questions about the location of
power in society. It also discourages framing analysis that simply counts the
number of times frames are used without addressing the relevant political
economic issues implicit in these frames. Durham maintains that framing
efforts should be first qualitative and then quantitative in nature. He advocates
for a media framing analysis that focuses on the ideologies guiding
construction of social meaning and the exclusionary decisions made regarding
other potential meaning from the dominant discourse. This last thought
provides a good transition into the role of the media in frame production.
Frames allow media practitioners to work with large amounts of
information quickly, assign that information to its place in the scheme of the
story, and package it for the audience so that they too see where the
information fits into the issue (Gitlin, 1980). Media framing analysis thus takes
into account not just the topic chosen by a particular public relations media
campaign, but how the practitioner or media in general cover and package an
issue. In other words, the decisions about inclusion and exclusion are observed
vis-à-vis the underlying beliefs held by the practitioners that guide these
decisions.
The view of the media practitioners as producers of frames and
intermediaries or re-framers is also held by Pan and Kosicki (1993), who suggest
that media can affect the way issues are framed through the choices of
journalists who cover a story, and those who may be chosen as sources (p. 113).
However, Durham (2001) would argue against adopting the view of journalists,
public relations practitioners, and media professionals in general as objective
“gatekeepers” who simply control the flow of unbiased information without
being guided by personal preferences and orientations. Instead Durham (2001)
suggests that media professionals should be viewed more as “co-constructors”
of the frames presented by the media, even if the process of creating these
frames was initiated by another information subsidy source. Adopting
Durham’s view changes the role of the media from that of “gatekeeper” or
moderator of information, to that of “co-constructor” of realities, in this case of
political realities.
Media framing analysis can function as a useful heuristic when evaluating
the effectiveness of a public relations campaign strategy either in its pre- or
post-implementation stage. Framing analysis can also elucidate whether
specific media coverage includes those elements that have been identified as
having a negative impact on the public perception of government institutions.
Framing analysis can clearly provide the depth of analysis necessary to
determine the potential impact, positive or negative, that public relations
strategies may have on the effectiveness of an overall campaign for
nation/community building.
Studier i Politisk Kommunikation nr 15 · 2005 16
Conclusion
This paper offers several theoretical perspectives in mass and political
communication, as well as public relations and communication theory, which
may be helpful in the development, implementation, and evaluation of public
relations media strategies used in mobilization efforts. This multi-pronged
approach can help in the decision-making process regarding the design of
content for media messages for nation building. They can also assist in
deciding which media should be used to deliver such messages. Several
mistakes that can be made by media practitioners were highlighted in each
theoretical section. These include focusing on sensationalizing news rather
than providing “mobilizing” or informative news regarding ways to participate
in democracy. Also, providing negative coverage or individual-centered news,
as opposed to process and institution-centered information, is considered
problematic by research in this area of mass communication. These
perspectives are offered as effective guidance for the analysis, design, and
implementation of community and nation building public relations campaigns.
This paper offers media framing theory as a means to both design and
interpret themes, messages, and slogans used in democratization and other
community/nation building media public relations strategies. Framing theory
empowers media professionals to design messages that resonate with diverse
publics. A similar objective is reached through the use of a postmodern
approach to designing media messages, as well as when choosing a specific
medium to channel campaign messages. The postmodern approach suggested
in this paper places emphasis on incorporating the concepts of collaboration,
openness, and deference into the public relations campaign process. These
concepts also represent desirable traits for the media or public relations
practitioner.
Finally, concepts in human communication theory, such as media grammars
and interpretive communities among others, were introduced to highlight the
dual nature of communication channels. These concepts stress the importance
of making informed decisions regarding the channels used to deliver a
message to an audience and the significance of understanding the inherent
characteristics of each medium. They can both constrain and facilitate
communication. Also, different groups within a society will have divergent uses
for and different access points to a media channel. Understanding the role of
the media, as well as the role of a specific medium for a community, is as
important as the content used, the frames used to deliver such content, and the
approach used (modernist/postmodern) to design the messages.
Perhaps one reason why certain public relations campaigns designed to
improve inter-ethnic relations or mobilize communities to increased
participation in emerging democracies have not been as effective is that their
strategies have not accounted for the complexity involved in these efforts. This
paper argues that a multi-pronged theoretical foundation may help address
this problem. It is unlikely that a single theoretical framework will be able to
attend to the demands of complex and often multicultural mobilization
campaigns. This paper attempts to fill this void by drawing from a variety of
theoretical perspectives. It could be the case that there was no consideration of
Studier i Politisk Kommunikation nr 15 · 2005 17
relevant theories at all in such failed campaigns, which makes the argument for
inclusion of theoretical perspectives even stronger—that one not only needs
theory, but multiple theories to attend to certain problems or accomplish
certain goals in public relations campaigns for community/nation building.
This paper suggests that having a good command of these theories and
perspectives can help make public relations media campaigns more effective. It
can also help guide the decisions involved in designing and delivering
messages to target publics in these efforts. Furthermore, these theories can help
assess the wisdom of such decisions in evaluation efforts.
Studier i Politisk Kommunikation nr 15 · 2005 18
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Developing Effective Public
Relations Media Strategies
av Belio A. Martinez & Spiro kiousis
- Empowering Citizens in Emerging Democracies
St udier i Pol i t isk Kommu nikation n r 15 · 2 0 0 5
Studier i Politisk Kommunikation nr 15 · 2005 2
Demokratiinstitutet och Studier i Politisk Kommunikation
Demokrati institutet är ett forskningsinstitut inriktat på medierelaterad
demokratiforskning, demokratirelaterad medieforskning och den politiska
kommunikationen mellan medborgare, medier och politiker.
Syftet med rapportserien Studier i Politisk Kommunikation är att
sprida aktuell teoretisk och empirisk forskning samt bidra till en kvalificerad
debatt om den politiska kommunikationen och dess betydelse för demokratin
och dess sätt att fungera.
Rapportserien är öppen för såväl forskare och studenter som praktiker med
erfarenheter av samspelet mellan medier, politiker och medborgare. Den som
har ett bidrag som hon vill få publicerat i rapportserien är välkommen att
kontakta dess redaktör.
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Redaktör rapportserien
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Telefon 060-14 86 17
E-post jesper.stromback@miun.se
Webbadress: www.demokratiinstitutet.com
Författare: Belio A. Martinez & Spiro Kiousis
Titel: A Theoretical Approach for Developing Effective
Public Relations Media Strategies. Empowering Citizens
in Emerging Democracies.
ISRN DMI-FoU-43-SE
Studier i Politisk Kommunikation nr 15 · 2005 3
Innehållsförteckning
sidan
Förord 4
Introduction 5
Community Development in Malaysia 6
A Multi-Pronged Theoretical Approach for
Nation- and Community Building 7
Perspectives in Mass/Political Communication 8
The Role of Human Communication Theory 9
A Postmodern Approach to Democratization 11
Framing Content for Media Messages 13
Conclusion 16
References 18
Studier i Politisk Kommunikation nr 15 · 2005 4
Förord
Att inget kan vara så praktiskt som en god teori är ett gammalt talesätt. Kanske
är det mer sant än någonsin när det handlar om strategisk kommunikation med
syfte att överbrygga etniska konflikter, bidra till fredlig samvaro och ökade
känslor av gemenskap i nya eller bräckliga demokratier. I sådana situationer är
insatserna särskilt höga, med tanke på vilka konsekvenser det kan få om
kommunikationsarbetet och informationskampanjerna misslyckas.
Mot den här bakgrunden diskuterar Belio A. Martinez och Spiro Kiousis i
den här rapporten olika teoretiska perspektiv som kan vara centrala vid
utformandet av public relations-kampanjer med syfte att överbrygga konflikter,
bidra till fredlig samvaro och stärkt gemenskap i nya och bräckliga demokratier.
Några av de teoretiska perspektiv som de diskuterar är gestaltningsteorin,
postmodern teori, public relations-teori och teorier hämtade från forskning i
politisk kommunikation och masskommunikation.
Förhoppningen är att ökad teoretisk insikt ska bidra till kampanjer som är
bättre på att nå sina syften. Författarna demonstrerar därmed också vikten av
att inte låsa sig vid ett teoretiskt perspektiv. Både som forskare, student eller
praktiker kan det finnas mycket att vinna på ökad öppenhet inför olika
perspektiv och på ökad insikt om den egna felbarheten.
För rapportens innehåll och slutsatser svarar författarna själva.
Jesper Strömbäck
Redaktör för rapportserien
Om författarna
Belio A. Martinez, Jr. är universitetslektor vid Department of Public
Relations vid University of Florida, där han också skrev sin doktorsavhandling.
Hans forskningsintresse handlar om politisk kommunikation, om hur public
relations kan användas för nationsbyggande och om kommunikation relaterad
till utvecklingsarbete, kultur och minoritetsgrupper.
Spiro Kiousis är universitetslektor vid Department of Public Relations vid
University of Florida. Hans doktorsavhandling gjordes vid University of Texas
at Austin. Hans forskningsintresse handlar i första hand om politisk
kommunikation, public relations och nya medier. Han har publicerat artiklar i
bland annat Journal of Communication, Communication Research, The Harvard
International Journal of Press/Politics och Journalism Studies.
Studier i Politisk Kommunikation nr 15 · 2005 5
Introduction
The Cold War rivalries of capitalism and communism brought about many
repercussions to a world already in shambles as a consequence of war and
destruction. While some of these ramifications were negative, others had an
arguably more positive impact on the global landscape. The negative
implications resulting from the Cold War were embodied in the form of
heightened tensions between superpowers, increased proliferation of nuclear
weapons, and fears of an even deadlier war than WWII. Conversely, a positive
outcome coming from the tension between the Soviet Union and the United
States was the emphasis both countries placed on nation building efforts, which
resulted in the advancement of theory and application of government public
relations strategies—namely communication for development strategies
(Cambridge, 2002). Since then, NGOs, social interest groups, and national
governments have created communication strategies for development
campaigns around the world. These public relations campaigns have become
the focus of national development efforts in areas such as health,
communications, and democratization (Snyder, 2002).
Fraser and Restrepo-Estrada (1998, p. 63) define communication for
development in the following manner:
The use of communication process, techniques and media to help people toward a full awareness of their
situation and their options for change, to resolve conflicts, to work toward consensus, to help people plan
actions for change and sustainable development, to help people acquire the knowledge and skills they need to
improve their condition and their society, and to improve the effectiveness of institutions.
According to Cambridge (2002), dominant strategies being used to promote
public awareness and information campaigns through communication for
development efforts include community mobilization, folk music, social
marketing, entertainment-education, and advocacy. These strategies are being
used to “promote, support, and sustain projects aimed at agriculture,
education, the environment, family planning and reproductive health,” says
Cambridge (2002). They are also relevant in “increasing political participation
practices and processes of communications for development and facilitating
community participation in the public discourses that nourish democratic
systems of governance” (p. 142). These strategies suggested by Cambridge (2002)
are available for multinational efforts in emerging nations and for domestic
efforts alike.
The following sections introduce theoretical paradigms, which we argue can
aid the public relations practitioner in designing and implementing effective
public relations campaigns for nation building. Each of these sections will
include a detailed description of the specific theoretical perspective being
introduced, followed by an argument about its usefulness as a heuristic for
developing communication strategies in democratization efforts. In brief, the
purpose of this paper is to develop a conceptual framework that can be used to
guide political and general social mobilization campaign efforts. The
Studier i Politisk Kommunikation nr 15 · 2005 6
propositions set forth here can then be empirically tested in the future within
the context of multiple campaigns to assess their utility.
Community Development in Malaysia
Before explicating the various theoretical perspectives considered here, it will
be useful to discuss a particular case that illustrates how public relations
campaigns for nation building may fail to meet their objectives when they are
not grounded in sufficient relevant theory. Taylor (2000a) describes such a case
study in her evaluation of The Neighborliness Campaigns (TNC) in Malaysia.
The Neighborliness Campaigns (1985 – present) consisted of a set of mass
media and interpersonal tactics aimed at improving relationships among
Malaysians of different ethnic groups living in the same communities.
Greater employment opportunities in Malaysian cities brought with them
an influx of Malays (Malaysia’s native ethnic group), who had previously been
farmers. As a result, the government saw the need to create housing units for
these new city residents. Large housing blocks were created to provide
residences for the newcomers. This form of housing was impersonal and in
sharp contrast with the small communities to which the new workers were
accustomed. Both Malays and Chinese Malaysians lived together in these
housing units.
To avoid a repeat of the 1969 ethnic killings, which ended in the deaths of
hundreds of Malaysians (mostly of Chinese origin), the government used
public relations campaigns to bring together the communities living in these
housing units. They used interpersonal and mass mediated tactics to first create
a sense of community by bringing ethnic groups together in service to the units
in which they lived. Second, the campaign aimed to foster a sense of
neighborhood by bringing people of the same ethnic origins together for
cultural activities. The two-fold campaign would encourage inter-ethnic
collaboration and acceptance, as well as foster intra-ethnic traditions.
Taylor’s (2000a) evaluation of this campaign revealed some interesting
results. Her analysis of survey respondents found that participants from the
housing units (treatment group) where the campaign was taking place were
“significantly more likely … than participants from the overall community
(control group) to agree to cooperate with the other races at work, in the
community, and in pursuit of national unity” (p. 195). She also found that race,
the second explanatory variable, did not have a significant effect on agreement
to cooperate. Therefore, the first goal was accomplished, but could only be
explained by distinctions in location of residence (housing units vs. overall
community).
A second goal of the campaign was to improve inter-ethnic attitudes
between Malays and Chinese residents. The analysis showed that there was no
significant difference between Malay respondents living in the neighborhoods
and those living in the regular community. Conversely, the attitudes of
Chinese residents living in the neighborhoods were significantly less favorable
than those in the control group.
Although both mass mediated and interpersonal tactics were used, the
campaign was unsuccessful in achieving its second objective. This could be
Studier i Politisk Kommunikation nr 15 · 2005 7
indicative of a public relations approach to nation building that lacks much or
any theoretical grounding. This campaign may have been negatively impacted
by a researcher/practitioner-centered approach to campaign implementation.
What is meant by researcher/practitioner-centered is a perspective that relies
solely on the previous experience of public relations professionals as the final
arbiter of meaning and strategy, rather than being guided by sound theory.
Taylor (2000a, p. 198) offers an explanation for the failure of the campaign to
produce attitudinal change among the Chinese residents:
There could be many possible reasons for such a counterproductive outcome. There is the possibility that the
campaign is seen in the Chinese community as a Malay tactic to advance the interest of Malays. This
attribution may arouse suspicions—possibly even the anger—of the Chinese who participate, whereas not so
antagonizing those who do not participate in the campaign.
Taylor’s (2000a) assessment is consistent with findings from political and mass
communication studies, which suggest a heightened sense of cynicism of
government institutions among audiences. Findings of this research will be
discussed later in this paper. Cynicism of government institutions is often
identified as the culprit of failed communication strategies in developed and
underdeveloped nations. Taylor (2000a) identifies the decisions to only target
neighborhoods with existing ethnic tensions for the campaign, Chinese
dissatisfaction with national policies regarding employment and education
favoring Malay citizens, and government influence in neighboring areas as
having a potentially negative impact on inter-ethnic relations and the
effectiveness of the campaign (p. 199). Taylor (2000a) further explains that
because communication campaigns do not take place in a “social vacuum,” the
national policies favoring the Malay over the Chinese residents may have
diminished the campaign’s effects. A more eclectic theoretical approach for this
campaign may have anticipated and prevented this outcome.
A Multi-Pronged Theoretical Approach for Nation- and
Community-Building
This discussion is guided by theoretical perspectives such as media framing,
postmodern practices in public relations, media grammars, media communities,
and concepts of “mobilizing information” in government communications
among others. These viewpoints come from literature in mass communication,
political communication, communication theory, and public relations, and they
shed light on the ways in which interpersonal, group, and mass mediated
communication impact political participation and thus communication for
development efforts. They offer insight into the ways media coverage may
shape public perceptions of government institutions. This discussion also
examines the impact that news content, as well as its orientation (e.g.
sensationalizing, conflict oriented, process oriented, etc.), may have on
audience perceptions of their news sources.
Studier i Politisk Kommunikation nr 15 · 2005 8
The following section introduces mass communication and political
communication research that offers insight into some of the image problems
that institutions of government can sometimes face. It also explicates how these
problems/challenges can be created by news media coverage of such
institutions.
Perspectives in Mass/Political Communication
Patterson and Caldeira (1990) examined variations in public esteem in the
United States Congress since the 1960s as registered by various public opinion
measures. Their analysis focused on identifying the different variables that may
have an impact (positive or negative) on job approval ratings for the Congress.
They identified presidential impact, economic conditions, coverage of
Congress by the mass media, and public salience of foreign affairs as key
determinants of public approval or disapproval of Congress. Because of the
scope of this investigation, comments will only be focused on Patterson and
Caldeira’s (1990) findings regarding media coverage. The authors suggested
that coverage of Congress in the mainstream media is generally negative. The
media also describes Congress as a backdrop to the presidency. Furthermore,
the coverage is focused on individual members of the institution or on a
particular committee (p. 34). Patterson and Caldeira (1990) found a higher
number of references to individual members of Congress than to the
institution or to a feature of it. They found that this latter characteristic of
media coverage of Congressional activities generally had a positive impact on
public opinion of Congress. They also identified a greater number of negative
stories about the institution of Congress than positive ones. These negative
stories influenced the public’s esteem of Congress and its two indicators—job
evaluation and confidence—in a negative way.
Scheufele (2000) examined the relationship among mass media use,
interpersonal discussion about politics, and participatory behavior. In an effort
to explain this relationship, he describes how the content of mass media, or its
lack thereof, has a bearing on the ability of “citizens to participate meaningfully
in politics on a day-to-day basis” (p. 50). Lemert (1981) refers to this type of
information as “mobilizing information” or information about how to
participate in the political process. It includes instructions about how to
register to vote, how to get a permit for holding a rally, where to vote, etc.
Scheufele (2000) offers two other explanations—news reporting trends and
characteristics of news media readers—for the relationship between mass media
use and interpersonal discussion about political activity. Specifically, he found
that interpersonal discussion of political information enhanced the chances of
becoming a political participant for those who consume hard political news. He
explains that newspapers are more widely used with an explicit informational
intent and that television is considered a more passive medium requiring less
involvement from its audience. This use, he asserts, makes newspapers a more
appropriate medium for measuring the impact of media use on political
participation. Scheufele (2000) concludes that the extent to which “mobilizing
information” is available in news media will determine the utilitarian level of
the media itself in stimulating political participation.
Studier i Politisk Kommunikation nr 15 · 2005 9
The “mobilizing” orientation of media is contrary to current trends in the
mainstream media coverage of political news, however. A study conducted by
Cappella and Jamieson (1997) offers evidence of this trend. They offered an
exhaustive analysis that explained how once citizens are stimulated by a
campaign and become involved with civics organizations, they can become
more active in civil society. Much depends on the channel being used when
seeking a mass mediated effect, research suggests. Also, the information
processing strategies of an audience member have an impact on mass media
strategy effectiveness. Cynicism is also a significant factor in various settings
and contexts. Cynicism is usually explained in terms of a lack of trust. Cappella
and Jamieson (1997) also suggested, along with Patterson (1994), that the
portrayal of people, groups and government organizations in the press as
untrustworthy has a negative effect on public conceptions of the subjects of
these portrayals. Patterson (1994) specifically suggests that the steady increase
in negative news by mainstream (commercial) media over the past 30 years
signals a cynical tone in news coverage of these institutions and individuals.
Parker (1981) blames the press for the public’s negative attitude toward
congressional activities. He explains that congressional journalists are often
commissioned with the difficult task of reporting on the same institution on a
daily basis. This, combined with the assumption that readers can only manage a
certain level of complexity, encourages journalists to engage in simplistic
reporting, which focuses on negative characterizations, conflict, and
competition and dedicates large amounts of copy to the individual players
rather than on the process as a whole. Therefore, this pervasive orientation in
commercial coverage of congressional business in the United States can have
detrimental effects if adopted by governmental communications agencies
seeking to improve inter-ethnic relations or to mobilize communities toward
increased political participation.
There is ample scholarship suggesting that negative, simplistic and/or
episodic coverage of government activities can have a detrimental effect on the
public’s perception of government institutions (Kiousis, 2002). A mass media
message, this research suggests, should be utilitarian in nature (mobilizing)
rather than dramatic in its emphasis. It should be process and event oriented
rather than sensationalizing and personality centered. These findings
highlight important aspects of news media that public relations practitioners
must become aware of when implementing mass media development
communication efforts in foreign nations that seek to enhance political
participation among their citizens.
The Role of Human Communication Theory
Scholarship in the area of human communication theory has introduced
concepts such as media grammars, interpretive communities, and media gaps,
which have shown to be helpful when one is seeking to explain the duality of
communication channels. These concepts have highlighted the way that a mass
medium can both empower and constrain the ability of citizens to participate in
the deliberative process in civil society. Gumpert and Cathcart (1985), for
example, defined the concept of media grammars as “those rules and
Studier i Politisk Kommunikation nr 15 · 2005 10
conventions based upon the properties which constitute media” (p. 23). They
explain that “persons are influenced by the convention and orientations
peculiar to the media process first acquired and related more readily to others
with similar a media set” (pp. 23-24). They hold the view that different
interpretive communities can be formed based on the way the people orient to,
interpret, and use a particular medium. They also suggest that having been
exposed to or having used one or several media technologies during their
youth will influence the way people orient toward a particular medium. They
conclude that people develop different states of media consciousness based on
the order of the acquisition of the media grammars, and that different levels of
media consciousness can produce media gaps, which in turn may either
separate or unite people.
Lum (1996) agrees with Gumpert and Cathcart (1985) as he defined an
interpretive community as “the sum of people who experience the text
according to a frame of reference commonly shared among them” (p. 20). He
also considers that an interpretive community shares a set of assumptions
resulting from prior “knowledge, experience, values, beliefs and expectations.”
In other words, people can all be participants of the same communication event
through the same technology and still come from that same communication
event with a different meaning and interpretation of what the medium’s
function within the community happens to be.
The concept of media grammar becomes clearer when observed from Lum’s
(1996) point of view. Consequently, the main point offered by Lum (1996) relates
to the non-deterministic character of technology. It stresses the probabilistic
and interactive character of communication media. It is people with their
cultures who use, respond to, and interpret the technology.
Meyrowitz (1994) introduces a medium-centered view that differs from
Gumpert and Cathcart (1985) and Lum’s (1996) constructionist view of the origin
of rules and grammars. He posits that different media (oral, written, and
electronic) bring with them their own set of inherent design features, which
place demands and limitations on the way in which they can be used.
Meyrowitz (1994) makes not only the community’s culturally specific grammar,
but the media’s grammar itself responsible for influencing the way communities
use communication channels.
These concepts support the view that all communication media are
inherently different and exercise their own restrictions on the ability of users.
However, it goes further by supporting the belief that the same medium can
lend itself to different applications by different individuals and communities.
Hence, the use of a communication audit in campaign research is critical to
determining the status of information flow and use of information between
private and governmental agencies and their publics. This literature also
supports the idea of adopting a postmodernist approach by public relations
professionals. A postmodernist approach will prove especially useful when
developing communication campaigns for nation building in multicultural
communities. This idea will be elaborated further in the following section.
Studier i Politisk Kommunikation nr 15 · 2005 11
A Postmodern Approach to Democratization
The postmodern approach to public relations highlights the problems of
inclusion of multiple voices facing nation building efforts that can often be
ignored by practitioners. The public relations practitioner is challenged to
depart from institutionalized and normative ways of designing and
implementing campaigns. The postmodern approach encourages the
practitioner to look beyond normative theories that propose symmetry and
relationships as effective communications campaigns strategies (Taylor 2000a;
Broom et al. 1997; Rogers, 1995; Grunig, 1992).
Recent theorizing in public relations has resulted in attempts to offer a
public relations approach that incorporates interpersonal strategies to
enhance the effectiveness of mass media usage. Taylor (2000b) argues that
“public relations, through its focus on media relations and relationship
building, is an integral part of the civil society function” (p. 2). Emphasis on
adopting a “relational” approach to doing public relations has emerged from a
general literature on public relations practices, as well as research investigating
nation building efforts (Taylor, 2000a; Taylor, 2000b; Broom et al., 1997; Rogers,
1995). Such research, however, has fallen short of providing a clear definition
of what constitutes a relationship.
Research looking at the nature of relationships has used behavior, such as
the intent of a member of an ethnic group to collaborate with members of
another ethnic group, as a conceptualization for a relationship. Taylor (2000a)
and Broom et al. (1997) offer “control,” “trust,” and “intimacy” as social
dimensions that can both empower and constrain interactants in a
relationship. Mass communication theory has also contributed to the idea of
emphasizing relationships when seeking attitudinal or behavioral changes in
publics. Rogers’ diffusion theory (1995) encourages the combination of both
mass media communication and face-to-face interaction for more effective
long-term communication campaigns (p. 18). These perspectives, although
representing a good initial first step in efforts to move beyond a mass
communication model of public relations that has been characteristic of nation
building efforts, have yet to offer a viable mechanism to measure relationships.
A postmodern approach to public relations campaigns for nation building
goes beyond these ideas.
A postmodernist approach will place less emphasis on modern assumptions
such as social coherence and notions of causality. Best and Kellner (1991) argue
that postmodernism will be in favor of multiplicity, plurality, fragmentation,
and indeterminacy. They claim that “postmodern theory abandons the rational
and unified subject postulated by much modern theory in favor of a socially
and linguistically decentered and fragmented subject” (p. 5). Holtzhausen and
Voto (2002) describe postmodern theory as having no central or normative
theory. They add that “postmodernists revel in multiplicity and diversity and
in even questioning their own theoretical perspectives.”
Lyotard (1988) said that “theories themselves are concealed narratives (and)
we should not be taken by their claim to be valid for all times” (p.126-130).
Lyotard’s (1988) general ideas on postmodern theory, as well as those of Best
and Kellner (1991), can be extended to suggest a set of postmodern public
relations practices. A postmodern approach to doing public relations research,
Studier i Politisk Kommunikation nr 15 · 2005 12
therefore, avoids adopting any normative or foundational laws or rules for
interpreting human behavior or engaging publics. This approach encourages
the use of different lenses when looking at human behavior and allows its
practices to be informed by such behavior and its meaning. Looking at the
issues, needs, or conditions of citizens of a developing nation vis-à-vis a
postmodern lens will provide the practitioner/researcher with a correct
interpretation(s) of such issues, needs, or conditions. These culture specific
interpretations will inform all levels of the public relations process in nation
building.
The practitioner using the postmodern perspective of public relations for
nation building will build on Holtzhausen’s (2000) ideas of inclusion of
multiple voices in the relationship process between organizations and their
publics, public relations research, and the role of the public relations
practitioner. Practitioners using a postmodern lens will also avoid
complicating research efforts with abstraction that offers no specific instruction
on how to make research more “postmodern” and does not go beyond
advising the practitioner/researcher to adopt a situational approach
(Holtzhausen, 2000). The postmodern approach informs the practitioner of
exactly how to incorporate the public’s perceptions and reality into the
multiple levels of the public relations media campaign.
A practical and philosophical departure from the modernist view is
recommended here. However, a warning is also issued regarding the dangers
of adopting the extremist modes of thinking, behaving, and working that can
sometimes be espoused in a postmodern perspective. Grindal (1994, p. 29) says
it best in the following excerpt:
We have a choice. We can chosoe to harness our energies—our knowledge, experience, our moral and
aesthetic sensibilities—to help create a better world, a world in which we work with others to attain essential
truths, the vital strivings of a good life. Or we can give ourselves over to a decentered world in which nothing is
real and everything is politics, a world of despair. A world in which academics, frustrated by their inability to
affect positive social change, but yet covetous of the power to do such, engage in progressively opaque, narrowly
vindictive, self-serving, and endless proliferations or ‘inventions’ of truth… Postmodernism, if it doesn’t watch
itself, could lose itself in a distorted mirror of its own abstractions. What was once a rich reality of human life
could become a dry formal argument, a vindictive play of ideas, an exercise in intellectual irrelevance or what
the boys at the Down Home Auto Repair would call ‘bullshit.’
The pitfalls of postmodernism are circumvented by avoiding the weaknesses
also inherent in this perspective—becoming too vague, questioning all moral
value, and not accepting any truth as such.
The approach to public relations proposed in this paper incorporates
three dimensions that encompass a philosophy of thought and practice that
can have a significant impact on meaning interpretations/creation and
evaluation of effectiveness in mass media messages for nation building. These
three dimensions are collaboration, openness, and deference.
Collaboration refers to the ability and intent of media practitioners to rely
on target public’s input to identify general, as well as culture specific
Studier i Politisk Kommunikation nr 15 · 2005 13
needs/issues, value orientations and cultural dimensions when developing
media campaigns for nation building (Gudykunst, 1997; Brislin, 1993; Hofstede,
1980 & 1991; Brislin, 1970; Kluckhohn & Strodtbeck, 1961).
Openness refers to the media practitioner’s desire and capacity to adapt to
and incorporate the target public’s perspectives and interpretations of
needs/issues into the multi-levels of the campaign development process. It also
refers to the ability of practitioners to access various research methods and
campaign strategies and tactics, as well as create new and innovative ways of
communicating with each public (Gaskell 1994; Johnson & Tuttle, 1989; Lonner
& Berry, 1986; Triandis & Berry, 1980).
Deference refers to the state of mind of media practitioners that empowers
them to accept and consider views and interpretations of phenomena different
from their own (Brislin, 1993; Lincoln, 1995; Lincoln & Guba, 1985). These three
dimensions should be present at every level of the public relations process.
By adopting a postmodern perspective for conducting public relations
media campaigns for nation building, the practitioner will increase the
accuracy of the research techniques. He will also reduce the likelihood of
engaging in ethnocentric behavior that could negatively impact the campaign’s
effectiveness, and enhance the possibility of achieving the desired change in
attitude and behavior. A postmodern approach, while more time consuming,
can also make the messages carried by the mass media much more enduring
and effective in the long-run.
Framing Content for Media Messages
Similar to postmodernism, the concept of framing equips the mass media or
public relations practitioner with the tools necessary to craft more relevant and
effective strategies for political mobilization efforts and other
community/nation building strategies. The concept of framing was first
introduced by the linguist and sociologist Erving Goffman (1974) and by
anthropologist Gregory Bateson (1955). Goffman credits Bateson as having
coined the term “frame” in the sense of a frame of interpretation about what is
going on in a particular social situation. However, it is Goffman who later
introduces the framing concept as a heuristic for the analysis of face-to-face
interactions. Goffman (1974) defines a frame as a “schemata of interpretation”
used by individuals in their sense-making efforts of information or events (p.
21). Reese’s (1997) definition of frames is synchronous with that of Goffman. He
describes frames as “organizing principles that are socially shared and
persistent over time, that work symbolically to meaningfully structure the social
world” (p. 5).
The exclusionary and inclusionary characteristics of frames are denoted
by Entman (1993) as he explains that “frames select and call attention to
particular aspects of the reality described, which logically means that frames
simultaneously direct attention away from other aspects” (p. 54). The metaphor
suggested here is that of a window view or window frame. Those who create a
message have the ability and make the decision as to what information is made
available and what information is left out. In his description of the location of
the framing process, Entman identifies four places where frames can occur or
Studier i Politisk Kommunikation nr 15 · 2005 14
be found in the communication process: the communicator, the receiver, the
text, and the cultural framework.
Although this discussion acknowledges and incorporates the contribution
of Entman (1993) to framing as a communication paradigm, it does not seek to
present the framing process as “fragmented.” Instead, the framing perspective
suggested will look at framing as an ongoing, multidimensional and
simultaneously multidirectional process, with no specific beginning or end.
This discussion advances the point of view that the process of framing can only
be understood through careful analysis of the underlying values,
idiosyncrasies, and objectives outlined by all players as they simultaneously
struggle to define the important frames. Ultimately the audience determines
what the dominant frame will be. Consequently, this approach to framing
analysis acknowledges the contributions made by all collaborators to this
dialogical process, but identifies the audience as the final arbiter.
The framing view suggested here is concerned with the media practitioner
possessing an understanding of how framing is used to make rhetorical
decisions for mass media content. It is also important to understand how these
frames are played out by the media and interpreted by constituencies in the
political environment. Therefore, more influential in this stream of thought is
the research and theorizing on framing analysis that highlights the process of
constructing culturally relevant frames, the history of frames, their
pervasiveness throughout society, the community shaping character of frames,
the recognizability of frames, the power of frames to elicit deeply rooted
emotions and experience, and the ability of frames to shed light on diverse
power structures in society (Gitlin, 1980; Gamson & Modigliani, 1987; Durham,
2001; Hertog & McLeod, 2001).
Hertog and McLeod (2001) depart from Reese’s definition of frames as
organizing principles, and they advance the notion of frames as having their
own content rather than organizing content that exists within the environment
that frames operate. These authors argue that frames are cultural as opposed to
cognitive phenomena. Their meaning is conveyed through the use of culturally
significant symbols. Additionally, they have tremendous symbolic power; they
carry extensive meaning and have widespread recognition. Frames are
pervasive throughout society in advertising, popular music, email, etc. (p. 142).
Frames provide media practitioners with the necessary tools to craft
campaign messages, speeches, television ads, and other tactics in a way that
ensures resonance with relevant constituencies in an election contest. They
afford a campaign team the means to create a connection with a group,
energize and motivate a base by appealing to deeply held attitudes, values, and
ideals. A carefully designed frame will create synergy between an organization
and its key publics. Conversely, a poorly crafted frame can distance the
organization from important constituencies; this may also result in
communication problems, misunderstandings, ethnic tensions, and low voter
participation in election activities.
Durham (2001) contends that frames assign meaning to events, recognize a
voice, and also make a statement about power, dominance, hegemony, and
exclusion of other voices. His grounding in Jameson’s “Empirical Realism”
(1984, 1991) suggests a departure from the bipolar reasoning encouraged by
Studier i Politisk Kommunikation nr 15 · 2005 15
empiricism. Durham (2001) believes in a holistic (postmodern) approach to the
study of the meaning embedded in media frames. Such an approach, says
Durham (2001), highlights inequities and raises questions about the location of
power in society. It also discourages framing analysis that simply counts the
number of times frames are used without addressing the relevant political
economic issues implicit in these frames. Durham maintains that framing
efforts should be first qualitative and then quantitative in nature. He advocates
for a media framing analysis that focuses on the ideologies guiding
construction of social meaning and the exclusionary decisions made regarding
other potential meaning from the dominant discourse. This last thought
provides a good transition into the role of the media in frame production.
Frames allow media practitioners to work with large amounts of
information quickly, assign that information to its place in the scheme of the
story, and package it for the audience so that they too see where the
information fits into the issue (Gitlin, 1980). Media framing analysis thus takes
into account not just the topic chosen by a particular public relations media
campaign, but how the practitioner or media in general cover and package an
issue. In other words, the decisions about inclusion and exclusion are observed
vis-à-vis the underlying beliefs held by the practitioners that guide these
decisions.
The view of the media practitioners as producers of frames and
intermediaries or re-framers is also held by Pan and Kosicki (1993), who suggest
that media can affect the way issues are framed through the choices of
journalists who cover a story, and those who may be chosen as sources (p. 113).
However, Durham (2001) would argue against adopting the view of journalists,
public relations practitioners, and media professionals in general as objective
“gatekeepers” who simply control the flow of unbiased information without
being guided by personal preferences and orientations. Instead Durham (2001)
suggests that media professionals should be viewed more as “co-constructors”
of the frames presented by the media, even if the process of creating these
frames was initiated by another information subsidy source. Adopting
Durham’s view changes the role of the media from that of “gatekeeper” or
moderator of information, to that of “co-constructor” of realities, in this case of
political realities.
Media framing analysis can function as a useful heuristic when evaluating
the effectiveness of a public relations campaign strategy either in its pre- or
post-implementation stage. Framing analysis can also elucidate whether
specific media coverage includes those elements that have been identified as
having a negative impact on the public perception of government institutions.
Framing analysis can clearly provide the depth of analysis necessary to
determine the potential impact, positive or negative, that public relations
strategies may have on the effectiveness of an overall campaign for
nation/community building.
Studier i Politisk Kommunikation nr 15 · 2005 16
Conclusion
This paper offers several theoretical perspectives in mass and political
communication, as well as public relations and communication theory, which
may be helpful in the development, implementation, and evaluation of public
relations media strategies used in mobilization efforts. This multi-pronged
approach can help in the decision-making process regarding the design of
content for media messages for nation building. They can also assist in
deciding which media should be used to deliver such messages. Several
mistakes that can be made by media practitioners were highlighted in each
theoretical section. These include focusing on sensationalizing news rather
than providing “mobilizing” or informative news regarding ways to participate
in democracy. Also, providing negative coverage or individual-centered news,
as opposed to process and institution-centered information, is considered
problematic by research in this area of mass communication. These
perspectives are offered as effective guidance for the analysis, design, and
implementation of community and nation building public relations campaigns.
This paper offers media framing theory as a means to both design and
interpret themes, messages, and slogans used in democratization and other
community/nation building media public relations strategies. Framing theory
empowers media professionals to design messages that resonate with diverse
publics. A similar objective is reached through the use of a postmodern
approach to designing media messages, as well as when choosing a specific
medium to channel campaign messages. The postmodern approach suggested
in this paper places emphasis on incorporating the concepts of collaboration,
openness, and deference into the public relations campaign process. These
concepts also represent desirable traits for the media or public relations
practitioner.
Finally, concepts in human communication theory, such as media grammars
and interpretive communities among others, were introduced to highlight the
dual nature of communication channels. These concepts stress the importance
of making informed decisions regarding the channels used to deliver a
message to an audience and the significance of understanding the inherent
characteristics of each medium. They can both constrain and facilitate
communication. Also, different groups within a society will have divergent uses
for and different access points to a media channel. Understanding the role of
the media, as well as the role of a specific medium for a community, is as
important as the content used, the frames used to deliver such content, and the
approach used (modernist/postmodern) to design the messages.
Perhaps one reason why certain public relations campaigns designed to
improve inter-ethnic relations or mobilize communities to increased
participation in emerging democracies have not been as effective is that their
strategies have not accounted for the complexity involved in these efforts. This
paper argues that a multi-pronged theoretical foundation may help address
this problem. It is unlikely that a single theoretical framework will be able to
attend to the demands of complex and often multicultural mobilization
campaigns. This paper attempts to fill this void by drawing from a variety of
theoretical perspectives. It could be the case that there was no consideration of
Studier i Politisk Kommunikation nr 15 · 2005 17
relevant theories at all in such failed campaigns, which makes the argument for
inclusion of theoretical perspectives even stronger—that one not only needs
theory, but multiple theories to attend to certain problems or accomplish
certain goals in public relations campaigns for community/nation building.
This paper suggests that having a good command of these theories and
perspectives can help make public relations media campaigns more effective. It
can also help guide the decisions involved in designing and delivering
messages to target publics in these efforts. Furthermore, these theories can help
assess the wisdom of such decisions in evaluation efforts.
Studier i Politisk Kommunikation nr 15 · 2005 18
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Rabu, 23 Maret 2011
SK BKN ttg Kenaikan Pangkat PNS
KEPUTUSAN KEPALA BADAN KEPEGAWAIAN NEGARA
NOMOR 12 TAHUN 2002
TENTANG
KETENTUAN PELAKSANAAN
PERATURAN PEMERINTAH NOMOR 99 TAHUN 2000 TENTANG
KENAIKAN PANGKAT PEGAWAI NEGERI SIPIL SEBAGAIMANA TELAH DIUBAH DENGAN PERATURAN PEMERINTAH NOMOR 12 TAHUN 2002
KEPALA BADAN KEPEGAWAIAN NEGARA
Menimbang : bahwa dengan berlakunya Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 12 Tahun 2002 tentang Perubahan Atas Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 99 Tahun 2000 tentang Kenaikan Pangkat Pegawai Negeri Sipil, dipandang perlu mengatur kembali ketentuan pelaksanaanya dengan keputusan Kepala Badan Kepegawaian Negara.
Mengingat : 1. Undang-undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1874 tentang Pokok-pokok Kepegawaian (Lembaran Negara Tahun 1974 Nomor 55, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Nomor 3041) sebagaimana telah diubah dengan Undang-undang Nomor 43 Tahun 1999 (Lembaran Negara Tahun 1999 Nomor 169, Tambahan Negara Nomor 3890);
2. Undang-undang Nomor 22 Tahun 1999 tentang Pemerintahan Daerah (Lembaran Negara Tahun 1999 Nomor 60 Tambahan Lembaran Negara Nomor 3839).
3. Undang-undang Nomor 25 Tahun 1999 tentang Perimbangan Keuangan antara Pemerintah Pusat dan Daerah (Lembaran Negara Tahun 1999 Nomor 72, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Nomor 3848);
4. Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 7 Tahun 1977 Tentang Peraturan Gaji Pegawai Negeri Sipil (Lembaran Negara Tahun 1977 Nomor 11, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Nomor 3098), sebagai mana telah beberapa kali diubah terakhir dengan Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 26 Tahun 2001 (Lembaran Negara Tahun 2001 Nomor 49;
5. Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 25 Tahun 2000 tentang Kewenangan Pemerintah dan Kewenangan Propinsi sebagai Daerah Otonom (Lembaran Negara Tahun 2000 Nomor 54 Tambahan Lembaran Negara Nomor 3952);
6. Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 96 tahun 2000 tentang Wewenang Pengangkatan, Pemindahan, dan Pemberhentian Pegawai Negeri Sipil (Lembaran Negara Tahun 2000 Nomor 193, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Nomor 4014);
7. Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 98 Tahun 2000 tentang Pengadaan Pegawai Negeri Sipil (Lembaran Negara Tahun 2000 Nomor 195, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Nomor 4016), sebagaimana telah diubah dengan Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 11 Tahun 2002 (Lembaran Negara Tahun 2002 Nomor 31, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Nomor 4192);
8. Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 99 Tahun 2000 tentang Kenaikan Pangkat Pegawai Negeri Sipil (Lembaran Negara Tahun 2000 Nomor 196, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Nomor 4017), sebagaimana telah diubah dengan Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 12 Tahun 2002 (Lembaran Negara Tahun 2002 Nomor 32, Tambahan Lembaran negara Nomor 4193);
MEMUTUSKAN:
Menetapkan : KEPUTUSAN KEPALA BADAN KEPEGAWAIAN NEGARA TENTANG KETENTUAN PELAKSANAAN PERATURAN PEMERINTAH NOMOR 99 TAHUN 2000 TENTANG KENAIKAN PANGKAT PEGAWAI NEGERI SIPIL SEBAGAI MANA TELAH DIUBAH DENGAN PERATURAN PEMERINTAH NOMOR 12 TAHUN 2002
Pasal 1
Ketentuan Pelaksanaan Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 99 Tahun 2000 tentang Kenaikan Pangkat Pegawai Negeri Sipil sebagai mana telah diubah dengan Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 12 Tahun 2002 adalah sebagaimana tersebut dalam Lampiran I Keputusan ini.
Pasal 2
Untuk memperjelas pelaksanaan Keputusan ini, dilampirkan salinan Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 99 Tahun 2000 tentang kenaikan Pangkat Pegawai Negeri Sipil dan Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 12 Tahun 2002, sebagaimana tersebut dalam Lampiran II dan III Keputusan ini.
Pasal 3
Apabila dalam melaksanakan Keputusan ini dijumpai kesulitan agar ditanyakan kepada kepala Badan Kepegawaian Negara untuk mendapat peyelesaian.
Pasal 4
Pada saat Keputusan ini mulai berlaku, maka Keputusan Kepala Badan Kepegawaian Negara Nomor 11 Tahun 2001 tentang Ketentuan Pelaksanaan Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 99 Tahun tentang Kenaikan Pangkat Pegawai Negeri Sipil, dinyatakan tidak berlaku.
Pasal 5
Keputusan ini mulai berlaku pada tanggal ditetapkan dan mempunyai daya laku surut sejak berlakunya Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 12 Tahun 2002.
Ditetapkan di Jakarta
Pada tanggal 17 Juni 2002
KEPALA
BADAN KEPEGAWAIAN NEGARA
SUNARTI
LAMPIRAN I KEPUTUSAN KEPALA BADAN
KEPEGAWAIAN NEGARA
NOMOR : 12 TAHUN 2002
TANGGAL : 17 Juni 2002
KETENTUAN PELAKSANAAN
PERATURAN PEMERINTAH NOMOR 99 TAHUN 2000 TENTANG
KENAIKAN PANGKAT PEGAWAI NEGERI SIPIL SEBAGAIMANA TELAH DIUBAH
DENGAN PERATURAN PEMERINTAH NOMOR 12 TAHUN 2002
I . PENDAHULUAN
A. UMUM
1. Berdasarkan Pasal 17 ayat (1) Undang-undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1974 tentang Pokok- pokok Kepegawaian sebagaimana telah diubah dengan Undang-undang Nomor 43 tahun 1999, dinyatakan bahwa Pegawai Negeri Sipil diangkat dalam jabatan dan pangkat tertentu.
2. Dalam pasal 18 ayat (1) Undang-undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1974 sebagaimana telah diubah dengan Undang-undang Nomor 43 Tahun 1999, dinyatakan bahwa pemberian kenaikan pangkat dilaksanakan berdasarkan sistem kenaikan pangkat regular dan kenaikan pangkat pilihan.
3. Sebagai pelaksanaan ketentuan tersebut di atas telah ditetapkan Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 99 Tahun 2000 tentang Kenaikan Pangkat Pegawai Negeri Sipil sebagaimana telah diubah dengan Peraturan Pemarintah Nomor 12 Tahun 2002.
4. Untuk melaksanakan Peraturan Pemerintah nomor 99 tahun 2000 tentang Kenaikan Pangkat Pegawai Negeri Sipil sebagaimana telah diubah dengan Peraturan pemerintah Nomor 12 Tahun 2002 tersebut, perlu ditetapkan Keputusan Kepala Badan Kepegawaian Negara sebagai petunjuk pelaksanaannya.
B. TUJUAN
Ketentuan dalam Keputusan ini sebagai petuntuk bagi Pejabat Pembina Kepegawaian untuk menjamin kelancaran dan keseragaman dalam penetapan pemberian kenaikan pangkat Pegawai Negeri Sipil di lingkungan masing-masing.
C. PENGERTIAN
Dalam Keputusa ini yang dimaksud dengan :
1. Pangkat adalah kedudukan yang menunjukkan tingkat seseorang Pegawai Negeri Sipil berdasarkan jabatannya dalam rangkaian susanan kepegawaian dan digunakan sebagai dasar penggajian.
2. Kenaiakan pangkat adalah penghargaan yang diberikan atas prestasi kerja dan pengabdian Pegawai Negeri Sipil terhadap Negara.
3. Kenaiakan panngkat regular adalah penghargaan yang diberikan kepada Pegawai Negeri Sipil yang telah memenuhi syarat yang ditentukan tanpa terikat pada jabatan.
4. Kenaikan pangkat pilihan adalah kepercayaan dan penghargaan yang diberikan kepada Pegawai Negeri Sipil atas prestasi kerjanya yang tinggi.
5. Jabatan struktual adalah suatu kedudukan yang menunjukan tugas, tanggung jawab , wewenang, dan hak seseorang Pegawai Negeri Sipil dalam rangka memimpin suatu satuan organisasi Negara.
6. Jabatan fungsional adalah kedudukan yang menunjukan tugas, tanggung jawab, wewenang, dan hak seseorang Pegawai Negeri Sipil dalam rangka menjalankan tugas pokok dan fungsi keahlian dan keterampilan untuk mencapai tujuan organisasi.
7. Jabatan fungsional tertentu adalah kedudukan yang menunjukkan tugas, tanggung jawab, wewenang, dan hak seseorang Pegawai Negeri Sipildalam suatu satuan organisasi yang dalam melaksanakan tugasnya didasarkan pada keahlian dan keterampilan tertentu serta bersifat mandiri dan untuk kenaikan pangkatnya disyaratkan dengan angka kredit.
8. Pejabat Pembina Kepegawaian Pusat adalah Menteri, Jaksa Agung, Sekretaris Negara, Sekretaris Kabinet, Sekretaris Militer, Sekretaris Presiden, Sekretaris Wakil Presiden, Kepala Kepolisian Nagara, Pimpinan Lembaga Pemerintah Nondepartemen, dan Kesekretaris Lembaga Tertinggi/Tinggi Negara.
9. Pejabat Pembina Kepegawaian Daerah Propinsi adalah Gubernur.
10. Pejabat Pembina Kepegawaian Daerah Kabupaten / Kota adalah Bupati / Walikota.
II. SISTEM, SUSUNAN PANGKAT, DAN MASA KENAIKAN PANGKAT
A. Sistem Kenaikan Pangkat dan Susunan Pangkat
1. Kenaikan pangkat dilaksanakan berdasarkan sistem :
a. Kenaikan pangkat regular ; dan
b. Kenaikan pangkat pilihan.
2. Di sampaing sistem kenaikan pangkat tersebut di atas kepada Pegawai Negeri Sipil dapat diberikan :
a. Kenaikan pangkat anumerta bagi yang dinyatakan tewas;
b. Kenaikan pangkat pengabdian bagi yang meninggal dunia, mencapai batas usia pensiun, atau cacat karena dinas dan tidak dapat bekerja lagi dalam semua jabatan negeri.
3. Nama dan susunan pangkat serta golongan ruang Pegawai Negeri Sipil dari yang terrendah sampai yang tertinggi adalah sebagai berikut :
| NO | PANGKAT | GOLONGAN | RUANG | |
| 1. | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
| 1. | Juru Muda | I | a | |
| 2. | Juru Muda Tingkat I | I | b | |
| 3. | Juru | I | c | |
| 4. | Juru Tingkat I | I | d | |
| 5. | Pengatur Muda | II | a | |
| 6. | Pengatur Muda Tingkat I | II | b | |
| 7. | Pengatur | II | c | |
| 8. | Pengatur Tingkat I | II | d | |
| 9.. | Penata Muda | III | a | |
| 10. | Penata Muda Tingkat I | III | b | |
| 11. | Penata | III | c | |
| 12. | Penata Tingkat I | III | d | |
| 13. | Pembina | IV | a | |
| 14. | Pembina Tingkat I | IV | b | |
| 15. | Pembina Utama Muda | IV | c | |
| 16. | Pembina Utama Madya | IV | d | |
| 17. | Pembina Utama | IV | e |
B. Masa Kenaikan Pangkat
1. Masa kenaiakan pangkat Pegawai Negeri Sipil ditetapkan pada tanggal 1 April dan 1 Oktober setiap tahun, kecuali kenaiakan pangkat anumerta dan kenaikan pangkat pengabdian.
2. Masa kerja untuk kenaikan pangkat pertama Pegawai Negeri Sipil dihitung sejak pengangkatan sebagai Calon Pegawai Negeri Sipil.
III. KENAIKAN PANGKAT REGULAR
- Kenaikan pangkat regular diberikan kepada Pegawai Negeri Sipil yang tidak menduduki jabatan struktur atau jabatan fungsional tertentu, termasuk Pegawai Negeri Sipil yang :
a. Melaksanakan tugas belajar dan sebelumnya tidak menduduki jabatan struktual atau jabatan fungsional tertentu; dan
b. Dipekerjakan atau diperbantukan secara penuh di luar instansi induk dan tidak menduduki jabatan pimpinan yang telah ditetapkan persamaan eselonnya atau jabatan fungsional tertentu.
- Kenaikan pangkat regular diberikan sepanjang tidak melampauipangkat atasan langsungnya.
- Kenaikan pangkat regular diberikan kepada Pegawai Negeri Sipil sampai dengan :
a. Pengatur Muda, golongan ruang II/a bagi yang memiliki Surat Tanda Tamat Belajar Sekolah Dasar;
b. Pengatur, golongan ruang II/c bagi yang memiliki Surat Tanda Tamat Belajar Sekolah Lanjutan Tingkat Pertama;
c. Pengatur Tingkat I, golongan ruang II/d bagi yang memiliki Surat Tanda Tamat Belajar Sekolah Lanjutan Kejuruan Tingkat Pertama;
d. Pengatur Muda Tingkat I, golongan ruang III/b bagi yang memiliki Surat Tanda Tamat Belajar Sekolah Lanjutan Tingkat Atas, Sekolah Lanjutan Kejuruan Tingkat Atas 3 Tahun, skolah Lanjutan Kejuruan Tingkat Atas 4 Tahun, Ijazah Diploma I, atau Ijazah Diploma II;
e. Penata, golongan III/c bagi yang memiliki Ijazah Sekolah Guru Pendidikan Luar Biasa, Ijazah Diploma III, Ijazah Sarjana Muda, Ijazah Akademi atau Ijazah Bakaloreat;
f. Penata Tingkat I, golongan ruang III/d bagi yang memiliki Ijazah Sarjana (S1), atau Ijazah Diploma IV;
g. Pembina, golongan ruang IV/a bagi yang memiliki Ijazah Doktor, Ijazah Apoteker, dan Ijazah Magister (S2), atau Izasah lain yang setara;
Ijazah lain yang setara adalah ijazah yang dikeluarkan oleh Perguruan Tinggi yang bobot untuk memperolehnya setara dengan Ijazah Doktor, Ijazah Apoteker, dan Ijazah Magister (S2)yang penetapan kesetaraannya dilaksanaan oleh Menteri yang bertanggung jawab di bidang pendidikan nasional atau Menteri Agama sesuai bidang masing-masing.
h. Pembina Tingkat I, golongan ruang IV/b bagi yang memiliki Ijazah Doktor (D3).
4. Kenaikan pangkat regular dapat diberikan kepada Pegawai Negeri Sipil setingkat lebih tinggi apabila yang bersangkutan :
a. Sekurang-kurangnya telah 4 (empat) tahun dalam pangkat terakhir ; dan
b. Setiap unsur penilaian prestasi kerja sekurang-kurangnya bernilai baik dalam 2 (dua) tahun terakhir.
5. Pegawai Negeri Sipil yang kenaikan pangkatnya mengakibatkan pindah golongan dari golongan II menjadi golongan III dan golongan III menjadi golongan IV, harus telah mengikuti dan lulus ujian dinas yang ditentukan, kecuali bagi kenaikan pangkat yang dibebaskan oleh ujian dinas sesuai dengan ketentuan yang berlaku.
- Pegawai Negeri Sipil yang dipekerjakatau atau diperbantuan di luar instansi induk secara penuh pada proyek pemerintahan ,organisasi propesi, negara sahabat, badan internasional, atau badan swasta yang ditentukankan,dapat ditentukan kenaikan pangkat regular sebanyak-banyaknya 3 (tiga) kali selama dalam penugasan / perbantuan, kecuali yang dipekerjakan atau diperbantukan pada lembaga kependidikan, sosial, kesehatan, dan perusahan jawatan.
Bagi Pegawai Negeri Sipil yang dipekerjakan / diperbantukan di luar instansi induknya pada Departemen, Kantor Menteri Negara, Kantor Menteri Koordinator, Sekretariat Negara, Sekretariat Kabinet, Sekretariat Militer, Sekretariat Presiden, Sekretariat Wakil Presiden, Kepolisan Negara, Kejaksaan Agung, Kesekretariat Lembaga Tertinggi / Tinggi Negara, Lembaga pemerintah Non Departemen / Pemerintah Daerah Propinsi / Kabupaten / Kota, kenaikan pangkatnya tidak dibatasi 3 (tiga) kali.
IV. KENAIKAN PANGKAT PILIHAN
- Kenaikan pangkat pilihan diberikan kepada Pegawai Negeri Sipil yang :
a. Menduduki jabatan struktural atau jabatan fungsional tertentu ;
b. Menduduki jabatan tertentu yang pengangkatannya ditetapkan dengan Keputusan Presiden.
c. Menunjukan prestasi kerja luar biasa baiknya ;
d. Menemukan penemuan baru yang bermanfaat bagi Negara ;
e. Diangkat menjadi pejabat Negara ;
f. Memperoleh Surat Tanda Tamat Belajar atau Ijazah ;
g. Melaksanakan tugas belajar dan sebelumnya menduduki jabatan struktural atau jabatan fungsional tertentu ;
h. Telah selesai mengikuti dan lulus tugas belajar ; dan
i. Dipekerjakan dan diperbantukan secara penuh di luar instansi induknya yang diangkat dalam jabatan pimpinan yang telah ditetapkan persamaan eselonnya atau jabatan fungsional tertentu.
- Kenaikan pangkat pilihan bagi Pegawai Negeri Sipil yang menduduki jabatan struktural, jabatan fungsional tertentu, atau jabatan tertentu yang pengangkatannya ditetapkan dengan Keputusan Presiden, diberikan dalam batas jenjang pangkat yang ditentukan untuk jabatan yang bersangkutan.
Contoh :
· Seorang Pegawai Negeri Sipil diangkat dalam jabatan sebagai Kepala Bagian Keuangan pada Departemen Perhubungan.
Dalam hal demikian, maka batas jenjang pangkat tertinggi Pegawai Negeri Sipil tersebut adalah Pembina Tingkat I golongan ruang IV/b, karena Kepala Bagian adalah eselon III a yang jenjang pangkat terendahnya Pembina golongan ruang IV/a dan tertinggi Pembina Tingkat I golongan ruang IV/b.
· Seorang Pegawai Negeri Sipil Daerah bernama SRI REFINATY WIDURI, SKM NIP 510003190 Menduduki jabatan fungsional Penyuluhan Kesehatan Masyarakat Madya pada Dinas Kesehatan Propinsi Jawa Timur, Berpangkat Pembina Utama Muda golongan ruang IV/c terhitung mulai tanggal 1 April 1998.
Kepla Dinas Kesehatan Propinsi Jawa Timur mengusulkan kenaikan pangkat yang bersangkutan kepada Gubernur Jawa Timur untuk menjadi Pembina Utama Madya golongan ruang IV/dterhitumg mulai tanggal 1 April 2003.
Dalam hal demikian, karena Sdr. SRI REFINATY WIDURI, SKM menduduki jabatan Penyuluhan Kesehatan Masyarakat Madya yang jenjang pangkat tertinggi adalah Pembina UtamaMuda golongan ruangIV/c,maka usul kenaikan pangkat tersebut tidak dapat dipertimbangkan.
· Seorang Hakim bernama sudianto, SH NIP 040004717 menduduki jabatan Hakim Utama Muda pada Pengadilan Negeri Jakarta Pusat, berpangkat Pembina Utama Madya golongan IV/d,terhitung mulai tanggal 1 Oktober 2002.
Menteri kehakiman dan HAM mengusulkan kenaikan pangkat yang bersangkutan kepada Presiden menjadi Pembinanya Utama golongan ruang IV/e dengan jabatan Hakim Utama terhitung mulai tanggal 1 Oktober 2006.
Dalam hal demikian, karena Pengadilan Negeri Jakarta Pusat termasuk kelas I A yang jkenjang panggkat tertingginya adalah Pembina Utama Madya golonga ruang IV/d, maka usul kenaikan Panggkat tersebut tidak dapat dipertimbangkan.
- Kenaikan panglkat bagi Pergawai Negeri Sipil yang menduduki jabatan struktural.
a. Pegawai Negeri Sipil yang menduduki jabatan struktural dan pangkatnya masih 1 (satu) tingkat dibawah jenjang pangkat terendah yang ditentukan untuk jabatab itu, dapat dinaikan pangkatnya setingkat lebih tinggi, apabila :
1) Telah 1 (satu) tahun dalam pangkat terakhir;
2) Sekurang-kurangnya telah 1 (satu) tahun dalam jabatan struktural yang diddudukinya; dan
3) Setiap unsur penilaian prestasi kerja / DP-3 sekurang kurangnya bernilai baik dalam 2 (dua) tahun terakhir.
Contoh :
· Pegawai Negeri Sipil Pusat bernama Dra. AMALIA NIP. 150001418 pangkat Penata Tingkat I golongan ruang III/d terhitung mulai tanggal 1 April 2000. Pada tanggal 7 Mei 2002 di angkat dalam jabatan Kepala Bagian Pemberhentian dan Pensiun pada Departemen Agama (eselon III a ) dan dilantik tanggal 20 Mei 2002.
Dalam hal demikian, maka terhitung mulai tanggal 1 Oktober 2003 yang bersangkutan dapat dinaikan pangkatnya mebnjadi Pembina golonga ruang IV/a, apabila telah lulus ujian dinas tinggkat II, atau pendidikan dan pelatihan kepemimpinan tinggkat III (SPAMA/SPADYA), dan memenuhi syarat kenaikan pangkat lainnya .
· Pegawai Negeri sipil bernama Dra . MELISA KARTINA, M. Si NIP. 260013273 pangkat Penata Tinggkat I golongan ruang III /d terhitubng mulai tanggal 1 Oktober 2001. Pada tanggal 16 September 2002 diangkat dalam jabatan Kepala Subdirektorat Formasi pada BKN Jajkarta (esolan III a ), dan dialantik tanggal 25 September 2002.
Dalam hal demikian, maka terhitung mulai tanggal 1 Oktober 2003 yang bersangkutan daopat dinaikan pangkatnya menjadi Pembina golongan ruang IV/a, karena sudah memiliki Ijazah Magister (S2) yang dikecualikan dari ujian Dinas Tinggkat II dan memenuhi syarat kenaikan pangkat lainnya.
· Pegawai Negeri Sipil bernama YUDI AMIRUDDIN .SH NIP 040000563 panggkat Penata Tingkat I golongan ruang III/d terhitung mulai tanggal 1 Oktober 2001 dan telah mengkuti dan lulus Diklat SPAMA. Pada Tanggal 20 November 2002 yang bersangkutan diangkat dalam jabatan Kepala Bagian Anggaran pada Departemen Kehakiman dan HAM Jakarta (eselon III a)., dan dilantik pada tanggal 26 November 2002.
Dalam hal demikian, maka terhitung mulai tanggal 1 April 2004 yang bersangkuta dapat dinaikan pangkatnya menjadi Pembina golongan ruang IV/a., karena telah mengikuti dan lulus Diklat SPAMA yang dikecualikan dari ujian Dinas Tinggkat II, dan memenuhi syarat kenaikan Pnagkat lainnya.
Ketentuan sekurang-kurangnya telah 1 (satu ) tahun dalam jabatan struktural yang didudukinya sebagaimana dimaksud yaitu :
1) Dihitung sejak yang bersangkutan dilantik dalam jabatan yang definitif.
2) Bersifat kumulatif tetapi tidak terputus dalam tingkat jabatan struktural yang sama .
Contoh :
· Pegawai Negeri Sipil bernama Drs. MARTONO NIP 060000563 pangkat Pembina Tingkat I golongan ruang IV/b terhitung mulai tanggal 1 Oktober 2000. Yang bersangkutan dilantik pada tanggal 8 Januari 2003 sebagai Kepala Biro Keuangan pada Departemen Keunagan (Eselon IIa).
Dalam hal demikian, yang bersangkutan dapat dipertimbangkan kenaikan pangkatnya menjadi Pembina Utama Muda golongan ruang IV/c pada periode 1 April 2004 yaitu setelah yang bersangkutan 1 (satu) tahun dalam jabatan struktural eselon IIa (Kepala Biro Kepegawaian dan dilanjutkan sebagai Kepala Biro Keuangan )
· Pegawai Negeri Sipil bernama Drs. SUPRAPTO NIP. 120002756 pangkat Penata Tingkat I golongan ruang III/d terhitung mulai tanggal 1 Oktober 2001. Pada tanggal 15 Juli 2002 yang bersangkutan diangkat dalam jabatan Kepala Bagian Perlengkapan pada Departemen Perhubungan (eselon III a), dan dilantik pada tanggal 22 Juli 2002. Kemudian pada tanggal 17 Desember 2002 yang bersangkutan cuti di luar tanggungan Negara selama 1 tahun (sampai dengan 17 Desember 2003). Kemudian pada tanggal 20 Januari 2004 yang bersangkutan diangkat kembali mejadi Kepala Bagian Rumah Tangga dan dilantik tanggal 30 Januari 2004.
Dalam hal demikian, karena yang bersangkutan belum satu tahun dalam jabatan struktural eselon III a (Kepala Bagian Perlengkapan) menjalani cuti di luar tanggungan Negara, maka kenaikan pangkatnya menjadi Pembina golongan ruang IV/a baru dapat dipertimbangkan pada periode 1 April 2005 yaitu setelah yang bersangkutan 1 (satu) tahun dalam jabatan Kepala Bagian Rumah Tangga.
b. Pegawai Negeri Sipil yang diangkat dalam jabatan struktural dan pangkatnya masih satu tingkat di bawah jenjang pangkat terendah untuk jabatan yang diduduki tetapi telah 4 (empat) tahun atau lebih dalam pangkat terakhir yang dimiliki, dapat dipertimbangkan kenaikan pangkatnya setingkat lebih tinggi pada periode kenaikan pangkat setelah pelantikan apabila setiap unsur penilaian prestasi kerja/DP-3 sekurang-kurangnya bernilai baik dalam 2 (dua) tahun terakhir.
c. Pegawai Negeri Sipil yang menduduki jabatan struktural dan pangkatnya telah mencapai jenjang pangkat terendah yang ditentukan untuk jabatan itu, dapat dipertimbangkan kenaikan pangkat pilihan setingkat lebih tinggi, apabila :
1) sekurang-kurangnya telah 4 (empat) tahun dalam pangkat terakhir; dan
2) setiap unsur penilaian prestasi kerja/DP-3 sekurang-kurangnya bernilai baik
dalam 2 (dua) tahun terakhir.
Contoh :
· Pegawai Negeri Sipil bernama LINTANG, SH NIP 2600001845 jabatan Kepala Biro Perlengkapan pada Badan Kepegawaian Negara (eselon IIa) pangkat Pembina Utama Muda golongan ruang IV/c terhitung mulai tanggal 1 April 2002.
Dalam hal demikian, maka yang bersangkutan dapat mempertimbangkan untuk dinaikkan pangkatnya menjadi Pembina Utama Madya golonga ruang IV/d pada 1 April 2006, karena telah dalam jenjang pangkat yang ditentukan untuk eselon IIa.
· Pegawai Negeri Sipil bernama DRS. BONAR NAINGOLAN NIP 010019243 jabatan Sekretaris Daerah Propinsi Sumatera Utara (eselon Ib) pangkat Pembina Utama Madya golongan ruang IV/d terhitung mulai tangal 1 April 2002.
Dalam hal demikian, maka yang bersangkutan dapat dipertimbangkan untuk dinaikkan pangkatnya menjadi Pembina Utama golongan ruang IV/e pada tanggal 1 April 2006, karena telah dalam jenjang pangkat yang ditentukan untuk eselon Ib.
- Kenaikan pangkat bagi Pegawai Negeri Sipil yang menduduki jabatan fungsional tertentu.
a. Pegawai Negeri Sipil yang menduduki jabatan fungsional tertentu dapat dinaikkan pangkatnya setiap kali setingkat lebih tinggi apabila :
1) sekurang-kurangnya telah 2 (dua) tahun dalam pangkat terakhir;
2) telah memenuhi angka kredit yang ditentukan; dan
3) setiap unsur penilaian prestasi kerja/DP-3 sekurang-kurangnya bernilai baik dalam 2 (dua) tahun terakhir.
b. Ketentuan mengenai angka kredit untuk kenaikan pangkat pilihan bagi Pegawai Negeri Sipil yang menduduki jabatan fungsional tertentu ditetapkan oleh Menteri yang bertanggung jawab di bidang pendayagunaan aparatur Negara dengan memperhatikan usul dari Pejabat Pembina Kepegawaian yang bersangkutan, setelah mendapat pertimbangan teknis Kepala Badan Kepegawaian Negara.
- Kenaikan pangkat bagi Pegawai Negeri Sipil yang menduduki jabatan tertentu yang pengangkatannya ditetapkan dengan keputusan Presiden diatur dengan peraturan perundang-undangan tersendiri.
Yang dimaksud dengan jabatan tertentu yang kewenangan pengangkatannya ditetapkan dengan Keputusan Presiden, misalnya Hakim Pengadilan. Jenjang pangkat Hakim yang berlaku sekarang adalah sebagaimana telah ditentukan dalam Keputusan Presiden Nomor 89 Tahun 2001 dan kenaikan pangkatnya diatur dalam Keputusan Kepala Badan Administrasi Kepegawaian Negara Nomor 03 Tahun 1996 tentang Pemberian Kenaikan Pangkat Hakim.
- Kenaikan pangkat bagi Pegawai Negeri Sipil yang menunjukkan prestasi kerja luar biasa baiknya.
a. Pegawai Negeri Sipil yang menunjukkan prestasi kerja luar biasa baiknya selama 1 (satu) tahun terakhir, dapat dinaikkan pangkatnya setingkat lebih tinggi tanpa terikat pada jenjang pangkat, apabila :
1) sekurang-kurangnya telah 1 (satu) tahun dalam pangkat terakhir; dan
2) setiap unsur penilaian prestasi kerja/DP-3 bernilai amat baik dalam 1 (satu) tahun terakhir.
b. Prestasi kerja luar biasa baiknya yang dimaksud dala ketentuan ini adalah prestasi kerja yang sangat menonjol baiknya yang secara nyata diakui dalam lingkungan kerjanya, sehingga Pegawai Negeri Sipil yang bersangkutan secara nyata menjadi teladan bagi pegawai lainnya.
Prestasi kerja luar biasa baiknya itu dinyatakan dalam surat keputusan yang ditandatangani sendiri oleh Pejabat Pembina Kepegawaian.
Penetapan prestasi kerja luar biasa baiknya tidak dapat didelegasikan atau dikuasakan kepada pejabat lain.
Dalam surat keputusan dimaksud antara lain harus disebutkan bentuk dan wujud prestasi kerja luar biasa baiknya itu. Surat keputusan prestasi kerja luar biasa baiknya dibuat menurut contoh sebagaimana tersebut dalam Anak Lampiran I-a.
c. Untuk membantu Pejabat Pembina Kepegawaian tersebut dalam menilai prestasi kerja luar biasa baiknya, dibentuk suatu Tim yang anggotanya terdiri dari para pejabat dilingkungan instansi masing-masing yang dipandang cakap dan ahli dalam bidang yang dinilai atau oleh Badan Pertimbangan Jabatan dan Kepangkatan.
d. Kenaikan pangkat bagi Pegawai Negeri Sipil yang menunjukan prestasi kerja luar biasa baiknya diberikan tanpa terikat ujian dinas.
e. Pegawai Negeri Sipil yang menjadi Pejabat Negara dan diberhentikan dari jabatan organiknya, tidak dapat diberikan kenaikan pangkat brdasarkan prestasi kerja luar biasa baiknya.
7. Kenaikan pangkat bagi Pegawai Negeri Sipil yang menemukan penemuan baru yang bermanfaat bagi Negara.
a. Pegawai Negeri Sipil yang menemukan penmuan baru yang bermanfaat bagi Negara, dinaikkan pangkatnya setingkat lebih tinggi tanpa terikat dengan jenjang pangkat.
Pemberian kenaikan pangkat tersebut dimaksudkan sebagai dorongan bagi Pegawai Negeri Sipil agar disamping melaksanakan tugas pokok sehari-hari dengan sebaik-baiknya, juga berusaha untuk menemukan penemuan baru yang bermanfaat bagi Negara.
b. Kenaikkan pangkat tersebut diberikan pada saat yang bersangkutan telah 1 (satu) tahun dalam pangkat terakhir dan penilaian prestasi kerja/DP-3 dalam 1 (satu) tahun terakhir rata-rata bernilai baik, dengan ketentuan tidak ada unsur penilaian prestasi kerja yang bernilai kurang.
Contoh :
· Seorang Pegawai Negeri Sipil di lingkungan Deartemen Pertanian bernama Dr. SUPRIYANTO NIP 080023333 pangkat Pembina Tingkat I golongan ruang IV/b tyerhitung mulai tanggal 1 April 2002. Pada tanggal 17 Juni 2002 dinyatakan telah berhasil menemukan penemuan baru yang bermanfaat bagi Negara dibidang pertanian.
Dalam hal demikian , maka yang bersangkutan diberikan kenaikan pangkat setingkat lebih tinggi terhitung mulai tanggal 1 April 2003 sebagai penghargaan atas penemuan baru dimaksud, apabila memeuhi syarat kenaikan pangkat lainnya.
· Seorang Pegawai Negeri Sipil di Departemen Pendidikan Nasional bernama Ir. ROYNALDI, M.Sc NIP 130123335 pangkat Penata Muda Tingkat I golongan ruang III/b terhitung mulai tanggal 1 April 2001. Pada tanggal 17 Juni 2004 dinyatakan telah menemukan penemuan baru yang bermanfaat bagi Negara di bidang pendidikan.
Dalam hal demikian, apabila yang bersangkutan memenuhi syarat yang ditentukan, dapat diberikan lebih dulu kenaikan pangkat regular dari Penata Muda Tingkat I golongan III/b menjadi Penata golongan ruang III/c terhitung mulai tanggal 1 April 2005.
Selanjutnya pada tanggal 1 April 2006 yang bersangkutan diberikan kenaikan pangkat berdasarkan penemuan baru yang bermanfaat bagi Negara menjadi Penata Tingkat I golongan ruang III/d, apabila memenuhi syarat kenaikan pangkat lainnya.
c. Kenaikan pangkatbagi Pegawai Negeri Sipil yang menemukan penemuan baru diberikan tanpa terikat pada jabatan dan ketentuan ujian dinas.
d. Kriteria penemuan baru dan kriteria kemanfaatannya terhadap Negara telah diaturdalam Keputusan Presiden Nomor 61 Tahun 1981, dan peraturan pelaksanaanya diatur dengan Surat Edaran Bersama Kepala Badan Administrasi Kepegawaian Negara dan Ketua Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia Nomor 15/SE/1982 dan Nomor 704/KEP/J.10/1982 tanggal 27 Oktober 1982.
8. Kenaikan pngkat bagi Pegawai Negeri Sipil yang diangkat mejadi Pejabat Negara.
a. Pegawai Negeri Sipil yang diangkat Menjadi Pejabat Negara dan diberhentikan dari jabatan organiknya, dapat dinaikkan pangkatnya setiap kali setingkat lebih tinggi tanpa terikat pada jenjang pangkat, apabila :
1). Sekurang-kurangnya telah 4 (empat) tahun dalam pangkat terakhir; dan
2). Setiap unsur penilaian prestasi kerja /DP-3 dalam 1 (satu) tahun terakhir sekurang-kurangnya bernilai baik.
b. Pegawai Negeri Sipil yamg diangkat menjadi Pejabat Negara tetapi tidak diberhentikan dari jabatan organiknya, kenaikan pangkatnya dipertimbangkan berdasarkan jabatan organic yang didudukinya, dengan ketentuan :
1) Bagi yang menduduki jabatan struktural/fungsional tertentu, kenaikan pangkatnya dipertimbangkan berdasarkan ketentuan yang berlaku untuk Pemberian kenaikan pilihan sesaui dengan jabtan didudukinya
2) Bagi yang tidak menduduki jabatan struktural/fungsional tertentu, kenaikan pangkatnya dipertimbangkan berdasarkan ketentuan yang berlaku untuk pemberian pangkat reguler.
c. Dalam mempertimbangkan kenaikan pangkat bagi Pegawai Negeri Sipil yang diangkat menjadi pejabat Negara harus memperhatikan ketentuan sebagaimana diaturan dalam Surat Edaran Kepala Badan Administrasi Kepegawaian Negara Nomor 03/SE/1976 tanggal 1 Maret 1976 tentang Pegawai Negeri Sipil yang menjadi Pejabat Negara sepanjang tidak bertentangan dengan ketentuan perundang-undangan yang berlaku.
9. Kenaikan panggkat bagi Pegawai Negeri Sipil yang memperoleh Surat Tanda Tamat Belajar / Ijazah atau Diploma.
a. Pegawai Negeri Sipil yang memperoleh :
1) Surat Tanda Tamat Belajar / Ijazah Sekolah Lanjutan Pertama atau yang setingkat dan masih berpangkat Juru Muda Tingkat I golongan ruang I/b kebawah, dapat dinaikan pangkatnya menjadi Juru, golongan Ruang I/c.
2) Surat Tanda Belajar/Ijazah Sekolah Lanjutan Tingkat Atas, Diploma I atau yang setingkat dan masih berpangkat Juru Tingkat I golongan ruang I/d kebawah, dapat dinaikan pangkatnya menjadi Pengatur Muda, golongan ruang II/a.
3) Surat Tanda Tamat Belajar /Ijazah sekolah Guru Pendidikan Guru Luar biasa atau Diploma II dan masih berpangkat Pengatur Muda golongan ruang II/a kebawah, dapat dinaikan pangkatnya menjadi Pengatur Muda Tinggkat I, golongan ruang II/b
4) Ijazah Sarjana Muda, Ijazah Akademi atau Ijazah Diploma III dan Masih berpangkat Pengatur Muda Tinggkat I golongan ruang II/b kebawah, dapat dinaikan pangkatnya menjadi engatur golongan ruang II/c
5) Ijazah Sarjana (S1), atau Ijazah Diploma 4 dan masih berpangkat Pengatur Tinggkat I , golongan ruang II/d kebawah dapat dinaikan pangkatnya menjadi Penata Muda, golongan ruang III/a
6) Ijazah Dokter, Ijazah Apoteker, Ijazah Magister (S2) atau ijazah lain yang setara, dan masih berpangkat Penata muda, golonganb ruang III/a kebawah, dapt dinaikan pangkatnya menjadi Penata Muda Tinggkat I, golongan ruang III/b; dan
7) Ijazah Doktor (S3), dan masih berpangkat Penata Muda Tingkat I golongan ruang III/b kebawah, dapt dinaikan pangkatnya menjadi Penata, golongan ruang III/c
b. Ijazah sebagaiman dimaksud dalam huruf a adalah ijazah yang diperoleh dari sekolah atau perguruan tinggi negeri dan /atau ijazah yang diperoleh dari sekolah atau perguruan tinggi swasta yang telah terakreditasi dan /atau telah mendapat ijin penyelenggaraan dari Menteri yang bertanggung jawab dibidang pendidikan nasional atau jabatan lain yang berdasarkan peraturan-perundang undangan yang berlaku berwenang menyelenggarakan pendidikan .
c. Ijazah yang diperoleh dari sekolah atau perguruan tuinggi di luar negeri hanya dapt dihargai apabila telah diakuai dan telah ditetapkan sederajat dengan ijazah dari sekolah atau perguruan tinggi yang telah ditetapkan oleh Menteri yang bertanggung jawab di bidang pendidikan nasional atau pejabat lain yang berdasarkan peraturan perundan-undangan yang berlaku berwenang menyelenggarakan pendidikan.
d. Kenaiakn pangkat sebagimana dimaksud dalm huruf a dapat dipertimbangkan setelah memenuhi syarat sebagai berikut :
1) Diangkat dalam jabatan/diberi tugas yang memerlukan pengetahuan /keahlian yang sesuai dengan ijazah yang diperoleh.
2) Sekurang-kurangnya telah 1 (satu) tahun dalam panggkat terakhir.
3) Setiap unsur penilaian prestasi kerja sekurang-kurangnya bernilai baik dalm 1 (satu) tahun terakhir.
4) Memenuhi jumlah angka kredit yang ditentukan bagi yang menduduki jabatan fungsional tertentu ; dan
5) Lulus ujian kenaikan pangkat penyesuaian ijazah
e. Memperoleh Surat Tanda Tamat Belajar/Ijazah yang dimaksud dalam huruf a, termasuk bagi Pegawai Negeri Sipil yang telah memiliki Surat Tanda Tamat Belajar /ijazah yang diperoleh sebelum yang bersangkutan diangkat menjadi Calon Pegawai Negeri Sipil.
f. Ujian kenaikan pangkat penyesuaian ijazah berpedoman kepada materi ujian peneerimaan calon Pegawai Negeri Sipil sesuai dengan tinggkat ijazah yang diperoleh dan substansi yang berhubungan dengan tugas pokoknya serta pelaksanaannya diatur lebuh lanjut oleh instansi masing-masing
10. Kenaikan pangkat bagi Pegawai Negeri Sipil yang melaksanakan tugas belajar dan sebelumnya menduduki jabatan struktural atau jabatan fungsional tertentu.
a. Pegawai Negeri Sipil yang ditugaskan untuk mengikuti tugas belajar merupakan tenaga terpilih yang dipandang cakap dan dapat dikembangkan untuk menduduki suatu jabatan, oleh sebab itu selama mengikuti tugas belajar wajib dibina kenaikan pangkatnya.
b. Pegawai Negeeri Sipil yang sedang melaksanakan tugas belajar dan sebelumya menduduki jabatan struktural atau jabatan pungsional tertentu diberikan kenaikan pangkat setiap kali setingkat lebih tinggi apabila :
1) Sekurang-kurangnya telah 4 (empat) tahun dalam pangkat terakhir dan
2) Setiap unsur penilaian prestasi kerja sekuran-kurangnya bernilai baik dalam 2(dua) tahun terakhir.
c. Kenaiakn pangkat sebagaimana dimaksud dalam huruf b, diberikan dalam batas jenjang pangkat yang ditentukan dalam jabatan struktural atau jabatan fungsional tertentu yang terakhir didudukinya sebelum mengikuti tugas belajar
11. Kenaikan pangkat bagi Pegawai Negeri Sipil yang telah selesai mengikuti dan lulus tugas belajar
a. Pegawai Negeri Sipil yang melaksanaka tugas belajar apabila telah lulus dan memeperoleh :
1) Ijazah Sekolah Guru Pendidikan Luar Biasa atau Ijazah Diploma II, dan masi berpangkat Pengatur Muda golongan ruang II/a kebawah, dinaikan panggkatnya menjadi Pengatur Muda Tinggkat I golongan ruang II /b
2) Ijazah Sarjana Muda, Ijazah Akademi, atau Ijazah Diploma III dan masih berpangkat Pengatur Muda Tinggkat I, golongan ruang II/b Kebawah, dinaikan panglkatnya menjadi Pengatur,golongan ruang II/c
3) Ijazah Sajana (S1), atau Ijazah Diploma IV, dan masih berpangkat Pengatur Tinggkat I, golongan ruang II/d kebawah, dinaikan pangkatnya menjadi Penata Muda, golongan runag III/a
4) Ijazah Dokter, Ijazah Apoteker dan Ijazah Magister(S2 ), atau ijazah lainnya yang setara, dan masih berpanggkat Penata Muda, golongan ruang III/a kebawah dinaiakna panggaktnya menjadi Penata Muda Tingkat I, golongan ruang III /b
5) Ijazah Doktor (S3) dan masih berpanggkat Penata Muda Tinggkat I, golongan ruang III/b kebawah, dinaikan pngkatnya menjadi Penata golongan ruang III/c
b. Kenaikan pangkat sebagaimana yang dimaksud dalam huruf a, baru dapat diberikan apabila :
1) Sekurang-kurangnya telah 1 (satu) tahun dalm pangkat terakhir; dan
2) Setiap unsur penilaian prestasi kerja sekurang-kurangnya bernilai baik dalam1 (satu) tahun terakhir.
12. Kenaikan pangkat Pegawai Negeri Sipil yang diperkerjakan atau diperbantukan secara penuh diluar instansi induknya yang diangkat dalam jabatan pimpinan yang telah ditetapkan persamaan eselonnya atau jabatan pungsional tetentu.
- Dipekerjakan dan diperbantukan secara penuh di luar instansi induknya yang dimaksud dalam ketentuan ini adalah dipekerjakan da diperbantukan secara penuh pada Negara sahabat atau badan internasional dan badan lain yang ditentukan Pemerintah, antara lain Perusahaan Jawatan, PMI, Rumah Sakit Swasta, Badan-badan sosial , dan Lembaga Pendidikan.
- Pegawai Negeri Sipil yang dipekerjakan atau diperbantukan di luar instansi induknya dan diangkat dalam jabatan pimpinan yang ditetapkan persamaan eselonnya, dapat diberikan kenaikan pangkat setiap kali setingkat lebih tinggi, apabila :
1) sekurang-kurangnya telah 4 (empat) tahun dalam pangkat terakhir; dan
2) setiap unsur penilaian prestasi kerja/DP-3 sekurang-kurangnya bernilai baik
dalam 2 (dua) tahun terakhir.
- Kenaikan pangkat Pegawai Negeri Sipil yang dipekerjakan atau diperbantukan di luar instansi induk pada huruf b hanya dapat diberikan sebanyak-banyaknya 3 (tiga) kali, kecuali bagi yang dipekerjakan atau diperbantukan pada lembaga kependidikan, sosial, kesehatan, dan perusahaan jawatan.
- Pegawai Negeri Sipil yang dipekerjakan atau diperbantukan di luar instansi induknya dan yang menduduki jabatan fungsional tertentu yang untuk kenaikan pangkatnya harus memenuhi angka kredit, di samping syarat-syarat yang berlaku untuk kenaikan pangkat, setiap kali dapat dipertimbangkan kenaikan pangkatnya berdasarkan ketentuan nomor 4.
V. KENAIKAN PANGKAT ANUMERTA
- Pegawai Negeri Sipil yang dinyatakan tewas, diberikan pangkat anumerta setingkat lebih tinggi
- Dalam ketentuan ini yang dimaksud dengan tewas adalah :
a. Meninggal dunia dalam dan karena menjalankan tugas kewajibannya.
Contoh :
Seorang Pegawai Negeri Sipil bernama AMAN NIP 130000111 yang bertugas sebagai Penjaga Sekolah Dasar Negeri, meninggal dunia akibat perkelahian dengan pencuri yang berusaha akan mencuri barang-barang yang tersimpan pada Kantor Sekolah.
Dalam hal demikian, karena meninggalnya sebagai akibat menjalankan tugas kewajibannya maka yang bersangkutan dinyatakan tewas dan diberikan kenaikan pangkat anumerta.
b. Meninggal dalam keadaan lain yang ada hubungannya dengan dinasnya,
sehingga kematian itu disamakan dengan meninggal dunia dalam dan karena menjalankan tugas kewajibannya.
Contoh :
Seorang Pegawai Negeri Sipil Pusat dari Perguruan Tinggi Negeri bernama Dr. ROSA ANANDA NIP 130286712 sebagai dosen telah memberikan penilaian tidak lulus dalam mata kuliah yang diajarkan terhadap DODI salah satu mahasiswanya. DODI merasa tidak puas terhadap hasil ujian yang ketiga kalinya, oleh karena itu pada suatu hari DODI mendatangi rumah dosen tersebut dan menikamnya dengan senjata tajam yang mengakibatkan Dr. ROSA ANANDA meninggal dunia.
Dalam hal demikian, karena meninggalnya berkaitan dengan tugas kedinasan maka yang bersangkutan dinyatakan tewas dan diberikan kenaikan pangkat anumerta.
c. Meninggal dunia yang langsung diakibatkan oleh luka atau cacat jasmani atau
cacat rohani yang didapat dalam dank arena menjalankan tugas kewajibannya.
Contoh :
Seorang Pegawai Negeri Sipil bernama Ir. DORMIAN SINAGA, M.Sc. NIP
080000245 dari Departemen Pertanian yang pada waktu berangkat ke
kantornya dalam perjalanan yang biasa dilalui mengalami kecelakaan lalu lintas
yang mengakibatkan luka parah. Kemudian ia dibawa ke rumah sakit untuk
dirawat dan beberapa hari kemudian meinggal dunia.
Dalam hal demikian, karena meninggal diakibatkan oleh luka atau cacat
jasmani atau cacat rohani yang didapat dalam dan karena menjalankan tugas
kewajibannya, maka yang bersangkutan dinyatakan tewas dan diberikan
kenaikan pangkat anumerta.
d. Meninggal dunia karena perbuatan anasir yang tidak bertanggungjawab ataupun
sebagai akibat tindakan terhadap anasir itu.
Contoh :
Pada suatu daerah, Pemerintah mengadakan suatu operasi pembersihan terhadap gerombolan pengacau keamanan. Gerombolan pengacau keamanan tersebut mengirimkan surat kepada Camat setempat agar Camat itu mau bekerjasama dengan mereka. Karena Camat tidak mau bekerjasama, maka gerombolan pengacau keamanan itu menculik Camat dan kemudian membunuhnya. Beberapa hari kemudian jenazah Camat tersebut diketemukan.
Dalam hal demikian, karena meinggalnya akibat perbuatan anasir yang tidak bertanggungjawab, maka yang bersangkutan dinyatakan tewas dan diberikan kenaikan pangkat anumerta.
Apabila terdapat alasan yang cukup untuk pemberian kenaikan pangkat anumerta, maka :
- Pejabat Pembina Kepegawaian Pusat menyampaikan usul kepada :
1) Persiden bagi Pegawai Negeri Sipil Pusat yang diusulkan menjadi Pembinaan Utama Muda golongan ruang IV / c ke atas dan tembusan disampaikan kepada Kepala Badan Kepegawaian Negara sebagai bahan pertimbangan teknis kepada Persiden;
2) Kepala Badan Kepegawaian Negara bagi Pegawai Negeri Sipil Pusat yang diusulkan menjadi Juru Muda Tinggkat I golongan ruang I /b sampai dengan Pembinaan Tingkat I golongan ruang IV / b .
- Pejabat Pembina Kepegawaian Daerah menyampaikan usul kepada Kepala Kantor Regional Badan Kepegawaian negara sesuai dengan wilayah kerjanya bagi Pegawai Negeri Sipil Daerah dilingkungannya untuk menjadi Juru Muda Tingkat I golongan ruang I / b sampai dengan Pembina Utama golongan ruang IV / e, untuk mendapat pertimbangan teknis.
Usul kenaikan pangkat anumerta dibuat menurut contoh sebagaimana tersebut dalam Anak Lampiran I – e.
3. Apabila almarhum/almarhumah Pegawai Negeri Sipil yang bersangkutan dinyatakan tewas oleh Kepala Badan Kepegawaian Negara atau pejabat lain yang ditunjuk dalam lingkungannya dan diberikan kenaikan pangkat anumerta serta uang duka tewas, maka keputusan sementara tentang pemberian kenaikan pangkat anumerta ditetapkan menjadi keputusan definitip oleh pejabat yang berwenang yaitu :
- Persiden, bagi Pegawai Negeri Sipil Pusat yang dinakan pangkatnya menjadi Pembina Utama Muda golongan ruang IV / c ke atas setelah mendapat pertimbangan teknis Kepala Badan Kepegawaian Negara .
- Kepala Badan Kepegawaian Negara, bagi Pegawai Negeri Sipil Pusat yang dinaikan pangkatnya menjadi Juru Muda Tingkat I golongan ruang I / b sanpai dengan Pembina Tingkat I golongan ruang IV/ b; dan
- Penjabat Pembina Kepegawaian Daerah, Bagi Pegawai Negeri Sipil Daerah di lingkuanganya untuk dinaikkan pengkatnya menjadi Juru Muda Tingkat I golongan ruang I/b sampai dengan Pembina Utama golongan ruang IV/e setelah mendapat pertimbangan teknis Kepala Regional Badan Kepegawaian Negara sesuai dengan wilayah kerjanya.
Keputusan tentang pemberiankenaikan pangkat anumerta dibuat menurut contoh sebagaimana tersebut dalam Anak Lapiran 1-f.
14. Apabila almarhum/almarhumah Pegawai Negeri Sipil yang bersangkutan ternyata tidak memenuhi syarat untuk dinyatakan tewas, maka keputusan sementara tentang pemberian kenaikan pangkat anumerta tersebut tidak dapat ditetapkan menjadai keputusan definitif oleh pejabat yang berwenang, dan keputusan sementara tersebut tidak berlaku. Dalam hal yang bersangkutan memenuhi syarat untuk mendapatkan kenaikan pangkat pengabdian karena meninggal dunia dapat diberikan kenaikan pangkat pengabdian dengan keputusan pejabat yang berwenang.
15. Keputusan kenaikan pangkat anumerta membawa akibat kenaikan gaji pokok, dengan demikian pensiun pokok bagi janda/duda Pegawai negeri Sipil yang tewas didasarkan kepada gaji dalam pangkat anumerta.
16. Calon Pegawai Negeri Sipil yang tewas diangkat menjadi Pegawai Negeri Sipil terhitung mulai awal bulan yang bersangkutan tewas dan dinaikkan pangkatnya setingkat lebih tinggi sesuai ketentuan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam angka 1 sampai 15.
Keputusan Pengangkatan calon Pegawai Negeri Sipil yang tewas menjadi Pegawai Negeri Sipil dan Kenaikan Pangkat anumertanya dibuat menurut contoh sebagaimana tersebut dalam Anak Lapiran I-g.
IV. KENAIKAN PANGKAT PENGABDIAN
- Kenaikan pangkat pengabdian bagi Pegawai Negeri Sipil yang meninggal dunia atau akan diberhentikan dengan hormat karena mencapain usia batas pensiun.
a. Pegai Negeri Sipil yang meninggal dunia atau akan diberhentikan dengan hormat dengan hak pensiun karena mencapai batas usia pensiun, dapat diberikan kenaikan pangkat pengabdian setingkat lebih tinggi apabila :
1) memiliki masa bekerja sebagai Pegawai Negeri Sipil selama :
a) sekurang-kurangnya 30 (tiga puluh) tahun secara terus menerus dan sekurang-kurangnya telah 1 (satu) bulan dalam pangkat terakhir;
b) sekurang-kurangnya 20 (dua puluh) tahun secara terus menerus dan sekurang-kurangnya telah 1 (satu) bulan dalam pangkat terakhir; atau
c) sekurang-kurangnya 10 (sepuluh) tahun secara terus menerus dan sekurang-kurangnya telah 2 (dua) bulan dalam pangkat terakhir;
2) setiap unsur penilaian prestasi kerja sekurang-kurangnya bernilai baik dalam 1 (satu) tahun terakhir; dan
3) tidak pernah dijatuhi hukuman disiplin tingkat sedang atau berat dalam 1 (satu) tahun terakhir.
Masa bekerja sebagai Pegawai Negeri Sipil secara terus menerus yang dimaksud dalam ketentuan ini adalah masa kerja yang dihitung sejak diangkat menjadi calon Pegawai Negeri Sipil/Pegawai Negeri Sipil sampai dengan yang bersangkutan meninggal dunia atau mencapai batas usia pensiun dan tidak terputusnya sebagai Pegawai Negeri Sipil.
Contoh :
· Seorang Pegawai Negeri Sipil bernama HENDRY NIP. 010000319 lahir 5 Mei 1992 diangkat sebagai calon Pegawai Negeri Sipil sejak tanggal 1 Maret 1977 dan diangkat sebagai Pegawai Negeri Sipil pada tanggal 1 Juni 1978. pada tanggal 25 September 2005 yang bersangkutan meninggal dunia dengan pangkat terakhir Penata Muda Tingkat I golongan ruang III/bterhitung mulai tanggal 1 Oktober 2003.
Dal hal ini demikian yang bersangkutan dapat diberikan kenaikan pangkat pengabdian setingkat lebih tinggi menjadi Penata golongan ruang III/c terhitung tanggal 25 September 2005, karena telah memiliki masa bekerja sebagai Pegawai Negeri Sipil secara terus menerus selama 28 tahun 6(enam) bulan dan setelah 1 (satu) tahun dalam pangkat terakhir.
· Seorang Pegawai Negeri Sipil bernama Dra. ULINA SABRINA SIBTIANI NIP. 130092719 lahir 5 Mei 1948 diangkat sebagai calon Pegawai Negeri Sipil sejak tanggal 1 Maret 1972 dan diangkat menjadi Pegawai Negeri Sipil pada tanggaL 1 Juni 1973. Pada tanggal 1 April sampai dengan 31 Maret 1996 yang bersangkutan mengambil cuti di luar tanggungan negara selama 2 (dua) tahun. Pada tanggal 1 April 1996 yang bersangkutan diaktifkan kembali sebagai Pegawai negeri Sipil dan pada akhir bulan Mei 2004 yang bersangkutan mencapai batas usia pensiun dengan pangkat terakhir Penata Tingkat I golongan raung III/d terhitung mulai 1 April 2004.
Dalam hal demikan yang bersangkutan dapat diberikan kenaikan pangkat pengabdian setingkat lebih tinggi menjadi Pembina golongan ruang IV/a terhitung mulai tanggal 1 Mei 2004 karena telah memiliki masa kerja sebagai Pegawai Negeri Sipil secara terus menerus selama 30 tahun 3 bulan (masa selama cuti di luar tanggungan negara tidak dihitung sebagai masa bekerja dan telah 1 (satu) bulan dalam pangkat terakhir.
· Seorang Pegawai Negeri Sipil bernama Dra. NOVALITA NIP. 150054919 lahir 3 April 1949, diangkat sebagai calon Pegawai Negeri Sipil sejak 1 Maret 1980 dan diangkat sebagai Pegawai Negeri Sipil pada tanggal 1 April 1981. Pada akhir bulan Januari 1983 atas permintaan sendiri yang bersangkutan diberhentikan dengan hormat sebagai Pegawai Negeri Sipil dari Departemen Agama dengan pangkat Penata Muda golongan ruang III/a.
Sdr, Dra. NOVALITA tersebut melamar kembali dan diterima sebagai Calon Pegawai Negeri Sipil di Departemen Luar Negeri. Pada tanggal 1 Maret 1984 yang bersangkutan diangkat sebagai calon Pegawai Negeri Sipil dalam golongan ruang III/a dengan NIP 020018757 dan pada tanggal 1 April 1985 yang bersangkutan diangkat menjadi Pegawai Negeri Sipil.
Pada akhir bulan April 2005 yang bersangkutann mencapai batas usia pensiun dengan pangkat terakhir Pembina Tingkat I golongan ruang IV/b terhitung mulai tanggal 1 Oktober 2004 dengan jabatan struktual eselon IIIa.
Dalam hal demikian, masa bekerja dihitung adalah selama yang bersangkutan bekerja di Departemen Luar Negeri sejak 1 Maret 1984 sampai dengan akhir bulan April 2005 yaitu selama 21 tahun 2 bulan (masa bekerja sebelumnya pada Departemen Agama selama 2 tahun 11 bulam tidak dihitung sebagai masa kerja untuk pemberian kenaikan pangkat pengabdian). Karena yang bersangkutan belum 1 (satu) tahun dalam pangkat terakhir Pembina Tingkat I golongan ruang IV/b, maka yang bersangkutan tidak dapat dipertimbangkan untuk diberikan kenaikan pangkat pengabdian setingkat lebih tinggi menjadi Pembina Utama Muda golongan ruang IV/c.
b. Kenaikan pangkat pengabdian bagi Pegawai Negeri Sipil meninggal dunia atau mencapai batas usia pensiun tersebut ditetapkan dengan :
1) Keputusan Presiden, bagi Pegawai Negeri Sipil Pusat yang dinaikkan pangkatnya menjadi Pembina Utama Muda golongan ruang IV/c ke atas setelah mendapat pertimbangan teknis Kepala Badan Kepegawaian Negara;
2) Keputusan Kepala Badan Kepegawaian Negara, bagi Pegawai Negeri Sipil Pusat yang dinaikkan pangkatnya menjadi Juru Muda Tingkat I golongan ruang I/b sampai dengan Pembina Tingkat I golongan ruang IV/b; dan
3) Keputusan Pejabat Pembina Kepegawaian Daerah, bagi Pegawai Negeri Sipil Daerah yang dinaikkan pangkatnya menjadi Juru Muda Tingkat I golongan ruang I/b sampai dengan Pembina Utama golongan ruang IV/c setelah mendapat pertimbangan teknis Kepala Kantor Regional Badan Kepegawaian Negara.
Kenaikan pangkat pengabdian bagi Pegawai Negeri Sipil yang mencapai bats usia pensiun yang ditetapkan dengan keputusan Presiden, ditetapkan sekaligus dalam keputusan pemberhrntian dengan hak pensiun Pegawai Negeri Sipil tersebut.
Keputusan kenaikan pangkat pengabdian bagi Pegawai Negeri Sipil yang meninggal atau mencapai batas usia pensiun yang ditetapkan dengan keputusan kepala Badan Kepegawaian Negara dan Pejabat Pembina Kepegawaian Daerah dibuat menurut contoh sebagaimana tersebut dalam Anak Lampiran I-h.
c. Kenaikan pangkat pengabdian Pegawai Negeri Sipil uang meninggal dunia berlaku terhiutn mulai tanggal Pegawai Negeri Sipil yang bersangkutan meninggal dunia.
d. Kenaikan pangkat pengabdian Pegawai Negeri sipil yang mencapai batas usia pensiun berlaku terhitung mulai tanggal 1 (satu) pada bulan yang bersangkutan diberhentikan dengan hormat dengan hak pensiun.
Kenaikan pangkat pengabdian yang disebabkan cacat karena dinas.
a. Pegawai Negeri Sipil yang oleh Tim Penguji Kesehatan dinyatakan cacat karena dinas dan tidak dapat bekerja lagi dalam semua jabatan negeri, diberikan kenaikan pangkat pengabdian detingkat lebih tinggi.
b. Dalam ketentuan ini yang dimaksud dengan cacat karena dinas adalah :
1) Cacat yang disebabkan oleh kecelakaan yang terjadi :
a) Dalam dan karena menjalankan tugas kewajibannya;
b) Dalam keadaan lain yang ada hubunganya dengan dinas, sehingga kecelakaan itu disamakan dengan kecelakaan yang terjadi dalam dan karena menjalankan tugas kewajibannya; atau
c) Karena perbuatan anasir yang tidak bertanggung jawab ataupun sebagai akibat tindakan terhadap anasir itu.
2) Cacat yang disebebkan oleh sakit yang didertia sebagai akibat langsung dari pelaksanaan tugas.
c. Kenaikan pangkat pengabdian yang disebabkan cacat karena dinas berlaku mulai tanggal yang bersangkutan oleh Tim Penguji Kesehatan dinyatakan cacat karena dinas dan tidak dapat bekerja lagi dalam semua jabatan negeri.
d. Apabila oleh Tim Penguji Kesehatan Pegawai Negeri Sipil tersebut dinyatakan cacat karena dinas dan tidak dapat bekerja lagi dalam semua jabatan negeri maka :
1) Pejabat Pembinaan Kepegawaian Pusat menyampaikan usul kenaikan pangkat pengabdian kepada :
a) Presiden bagi Pegawai Negeri Sipil Pusat yang diusulkan menjadi Pembina Utama Muda golongan ruang IV/c ke atas dan tembusan disampaikan kepada Kepala Badan Kepegawaian Negara sebagai bahan pertimbangan teknis kepada Presiden.
b) Kepala Badan Kepegawaian Negara bagi Pegawai Negeri Sipil Pusat yang diusulkan menjadi Juru Muda Tingkat I golongan ruang I/b sampai dengan Pembina Tingkat I golongan ruang IV/b.
2) Pejabat Pembina Kepegawaian Daerah menyampaikan usul kenaikan pangkat pengabdian kepada Kepala Kantor Regional Badan Kepegawaian Negara sesuai dengan wilayah kerjanya bagi Pegawai Negeri Sipil Daerah di lingkungannya untuk menjadi Juru Muda Tingkat I golongan ruang I/b sampai dengan Pembina Utama golongan ruang IV/e untuk mendapat pertimbangan teknis
Usul kenaikan pangkat pengabdian bagi Pegawai Negeri Sipil yang dinyatakan cacat karena dinas, dibuat menurut contoh sebagaimana tersebut dalam Anak Lampiran I- e.
e. Kenaikan pangkat pengabdian tersebut ditetapkan dengan :
1) Keputusan Presiden, bagi Pegawai Negeri Sipil Pusat untuk kenaikan pangkat menjadi Pembina Utama Muda golongan ruang IV /c keatas setelah mendapat pertimbangan teknis Kepala Badan Kepegawaian Negara.
2) Keputusan Kepala Badan Kepegawaian Negara, bagi Pegawai Negeri Sipil Pusat untuk kenaikan pangkat menjadi Juru Muda Tingkat I golongan ruang I/b sampai dengan Pembina Tingkat I golongan ruang IV / b; dan
3) Keputusan Pejabat Pembina Kepegawaian Daerah, bagi Pegawai Negeri Sipil Daerah dilingkungannya untuk kenaikan pangkat menjadi Juru Muda Tingkat I golongan ruang I/b sampai dengan Pembina Utama golongan ruang IV/e, setelah mendapat pertimbangan teknis Kepala Kantor Regional Badan Kepegawaian Negara.
Keputusan kenaikan panggkat pengabdian Pegawai Negeri Sipil yang dinyatakan cacat karena dinas karena di buat menurut contoh sebagaiman tersebut dalam Anak Lamiran I-i
f. Calon Pegawai Negeri Sipil yang oleh Tim Penguji Kesehatan menyatakan cacat karena dinas dan tidak dapat bekerja lagi dalam semua jabatan negeri, diangkat menjadi Pegawai Negeri Sipil, dan diberikan kenaikan pangkat pengabdian sesuai dengan ketentuan sebagaimana dimaksud angka 2 huruf a sampai dengan huruf e.
g. Pengangkatan menjadi Pegawai Negeri sipil sebagaimana dimaksud dalam huruf f diatas berlaku terhitung mulai tangggal 1 (satu) pada bulan yang bersangkutan dinyatajkan cacat karena dinads dan tidak dapat bekerja lagi dalam semua jabatan negeri, dan ditetapkan dengan :
1) Keputusan Kepala Badan Kepegawaian Negara bagi Pegawai Negeri Sipil Pusat
2) Keputusan Pejabat Pembina Kepegawaian Daerah bagi Pegawai Negeri Sipil Daerah.
h. Penetapan keputusan pengangkatan Calon Pegawai Negeri Sipil menjadi Pegawai Negeri Sipil tersebut di atas ditetapkan sekaligus dengan kenaikan pangkat pengabdian bagi pegawai Negeri Sipil yang dinyatakan cacat karena dinas dan tidak dapat bekerja lagi dalam semua jabatan negeri, dibuat menurut contoh sebagaimana tersebut dalam Anak Lampiran I-i
- Kenaikan pangkat pengabdian sebagaimana dimaksud dalam angka 1dan angka 2 diberikan tanpa terikat dengan jabatan dan ketentuan ujian dinas.
UJIAN DINAS
- Umum
a. Pegawai Negeri Sipil yang berpangkat Pengatur Tingkat I golongan ruang II/d dan Penata Tingkat I golongan ruang III/d yang akan nail pangkat wajib lulus ujian dinas.
b. Ujian dinas dibagi dalam 2 (dua) tingkat, yaitu :
1) Ujian dinas tingkat untuk kenaikan pangkat dari Pengatur Tingkat I golongan ruang II/d menjadimenjadi Penata Muda golongan ruang III/a; dan
2) Ujian dinas tingkat II untuk kenaikan pangkat dari Penata Tingkat I golongan ruang III/d menjadi Pembina golongan ruang IV/a
- Pejabat Yang Berwenang Melaksanakan Ujian Dinas
a. Pejabat Pembina Kepegawaian Pusat dan Pejabat Pembina Kepegawaian Daerah melaksanakan ujian dinas bagi Pegawai Negeri Sipil di lingkungan masing-masing.
b. Untuk mempelancar pelaksanaan ujian dinas, Pejabat Pembinaan Kepegawaian membentuk Tim Ujian Dinas.
- Peserta Ujian Dinas
Ujian dinas diikuti oleh Pegawai Negeri Sipil yang memenuhi syarat sebagai berikut :
a. Memiliki pangkat Pengaturan Tingkat I golongan ruang II/d bagi ujian dinas Tingkat I dan pangkat Penata Tingkat I golongan ruang III/d bagi ujian dinas Tingkat II.
b. Tidak sedang dalam keadaan :
1) Diberhentikan sementara dari jabatan negeri.
2) Menerima uang tunggu; atau
3) Cuti di luar tanggungan negara
- Pelaksanaan Ujian Dinas
a. Ujian dinas dilaksanakan sebelum Pegawai negeri Sipil yang bersangkutan dipertimbangkan kenaikan pangkatnya ke dalam golongan yang lebih tinggi.
b. Apabila ternyata Pegawai Negeri Sipil yang bersangkutan tidak lulus dalam ujian dinas tersebut, maka kepadanya diberikan kesempatan untuk ikut serta dalam ujian dinas berikutnya pada tingkat yang sama.
- Tanda Lulus Ujian Dinas
a. Kepada Pegawai Negeri Sipil yang lulus ujian dinas diberikan Tanda Lulus Ujian Dinas.
b. Tanda Lulus Ujian Dinas berlaku sepanjang Pegawai Negeri Sipil yang bersangkutanbelum naik pangkat.
- Pegawai Negeri Sipil Yang dikecualikan Dari Ujian Dinas
Pegawai Negeri Sipil dikecualikan dari ujian dinas apabila :
a. Akan diberikan kenaikan pangkat karena telah menunjukkan prestasi kerja luar biasa baiknya;
b. Akan diberikan kenaikan pangkat karena menemukan penemuan baru yang bermanfaat bagi negara;
c. Diberikan kenaikan pangkat pengabdian karena :
1) Meninggal dunia.
2) Mencapai batas usia pensiun .
3) Oleh TimPenguji Kesehatan dinyatakan cacat karena dinas dan tidak dapat bekerja lagi dalam semua jabatan negeri.
d. Telah mengikuti dan lulus pendidikan dan pelatihan kepemimpinan sebagai berikut :
1) Sepada/Adum/Sepala/Diklatpim Tingkat IV untuk ujian diknas Tingkat I ;
2) Sepadya/Spama/Diklatpim Tingkat III untuk ujian dinas Tingkat II;
e. Telah memperoleh :
1) Ijazah Sarjana (S1) atau Diploma IV untuk ujian dinas Tingkat I,
2) Ijazah Dokter, Ijazah Apoteker, Magister (S2) dan Ijazah lain yang setara atau Doktor (S3), untuk ujian dinas Tingkat atau ujian dinas Tingkat II
f. Telah memperoleh :
Menduduki jabatan fungsional tertentu.
- Ketentuan Teknis Ujian Dinas
a. Ketentuan teknis mengenai pelaksanaan ujian dinas diatur tersendiri oleh Kepala Badan Kepegawaian Negara.
b. Sebelum ada pengaturan lebih lanjut mengenai pelaksanaan ujian dinas sebagaimana dimaksud dalam huruf a, ketentuan mengnai pelaksanaan ujian dinas yang ditetapkan sebelum Keputusan ini, masih tetap berlaku sepanjang tidak bertentangan dengan keputusan ini.
VIII. PROSEDUR DAN KELENGKAPAN ADMINISTRASI KENAIKAN PANGKAT
1. Prosedur Kenaikan Pangkat
a. Penetapan kenaikan pangkat Pegawai Negeri Sipil Pusat untuk menjadi Pembina Utama Muda golongan ruang IV/c ke atas dilaksanakan dengan Keputusan Presiden setelah mendapat pertimbangan teknis Kepala Badan kepegawaian Negara berdasarkan usul dari Pejabat Pembina Kepegawaian Pusat.
b. Surat pengantar usul kenaikan pangkat sebagaimana tersebut pada huruf a disampaikan kepada Presiden dan tembusannya kepada Kepala Badan Kepegawaian Negara dibuat menurut contoh sebagaimana tersebut dalam Anak Lampiran I – k.
c. Tembusan surat pengahantar yang disampaikan kepada Kepala Badan Kepegawaian Negara dilengkapi dengan usul kenaikan pangkat untuk golongan ruang IV/c ke atas yang dibuat menurut contoh sebagaimana tersebut dalam Anak Lampiran I-I.
d. Tembusan surat pengantar dan usul kenaikan pangkat untuk golongan ruang IV/c ke atas sebagaimana dimaksud dalam huruf c diajukan dalam rangkap 2 (dua) serta dilampiri dengan bahan-bahan lampiranan yang diperlukan.
e. Penetapan kenaikan pangkat Pegawai Negeri Sipil Pusat untuk menjadi Juru Muda Tingkat I golongan ruang I/b sampai dengan Pembina Tingkat I golongan ruang IV/b dilaksanakan dengan keputusan Pejabat Pembina Kepegawaian Pusat telah mendapat ketimbangan teknis Kepala Badan Kepegawaian Negara.
f. Untuk mendapatkan pertimbangan teknis sebagaimana dimaksud dalam huruf e, Pejabat Pembina Kepegawaian Pusat Mengajukan usul kepada Kepala Badan Kepegawaian Negara, dibuat menurut contoh sebagaimana tersebut dalam Anak Lampiran I-e.
g. Untuk memperlancar pelaksanaan kenaikan pangkat Pegawai Negeri Sipil Pusat di daerah, pertimbangan teknis sebagaimana dimaksud dalam huruf e dapat ditetapkan oleh Kepala Kantor Regional Badan Kepegawaian Negara sesuai dengan wilayah kerjanya berdasarkan pendelegasian wewenang yang diberikan.
h. Penetapan kenaikan pangkat Pegawai Negeri Sipil Daerah dilaksanakan dengan keputusan Pejabat Pmbina Kepegawaian Daerah setelah mendapat pertimbangan teknis Kepala Kantor Regional Badan kepegawaian Negara sesuai dengan wilayah kerjanya.
i. Untuk mendapatkan pertimbangan teknis sebagaimana dimaksud dalam huruf h, Pejabat Pembina Kepegawaian Daerah mengajukan usul kepada Kantor Regional Badan Kepegawaian Negara, dibuat menurut contoh sebagaimana tersebut dalam Anak Lampiran I-e.
j. Keputusan kenaikan pangkat sebagaimana dimaksud dalam huruf e dan h dapat dibuat secara kolektif atau perorangan.
1) Kolektif, dibuat menurut contoh sebagaimana tersebut dalam Anak Lampiran I-m,sedangkan petikannya dibuat menurut contoh sebagaimana tersebut dalam Anak Lampiran I-n.
2) Perorangan, dibuat menurut contoh sebagaimana tersebut dalam Anak Lampiran I-o.
k. Kenaikan pangkat pilihan bagi Pegawai Negeri Sipil yang menduduki jabatan struktural, menunjukan prestasi kerja luar biasa baiknya, dan menemukan penemuan baru yang bermanfaat bagi negara ditetapkan setelah mendapat pertimbangan Badan Pertimbangan Jabatan dan Kepangkatan (Baperjakat).
2. Kelengkapan Administrasi Kenaikan Pangkat.
a. Kenaikan pangkat reguler :
1) Salinan/foto copy sah keputusan dalam pangkat terakhir;
2) Foto copy sah daftar penilaian prestasi kerja/DP-3 dalam 2 (dua) tahun terakhir;
3) Salinan/foto copy sah surat tanda tamat belajar/ijazah/diplomat bagi yang memperoleh peningkatan pendidikan;
4) Salinan/foto copy sah surat perintah tugas belajar bagi Pegawai Negeri Sipil yang melaksanakan tugas belajar, dan sebelumnya tidak menduduki jabatan struktural atau jabatan fungsional tertentu:
5) Surat penugasan dipekerjakan/diperbantukan di luar instansi induknya bagi yang tidak menduduki jabatan struktural atau jabatan fungsional tertentu.
b. Kenaikan pangkat piliahan Pegawai Negeri Sipil yang menduduki jabatan struktural atau jabatan fungsional tertentu :
1) Salinan/foto copy sah keputusan pengangkatan dalam jabatan terakhir.
2) Salinan/foto copy sah keputusan dalam pangkat terakhir.
3) Foto copy sah daftar penilaian prestasi kerja/DP-3 dalam 2 (dua) tahun terakhir.
4) Asli penetapan angka kredit bagi Pegawai Negeri Sipil yang menduduki jabatan fungsional tertentu.
c. Kenaikan pangkat pilihan Pegawai Negeri Sipil yang menduduki jabatan tertentu yang pengangkatannya ditetapkan dengan Keputusan Presiden:
1) Salinan/foto copy sah keputusan pengangkatan dalam jabatan terakhir;
2) Salinan/foto copy sah keputusan dalam pangkat terakhir;
3) Foto copy sah daftar penilaian prestasi kerja/DP-3 dalam 2 (dua) tahun terakhir;
d. Kenaikan pangkat pilihan Pegawai Negeri Sipil yang menunjukan prestasi kerja luar biasa baiknya :
1) Salinan/foto copy sah keputusan pengakatan dalam jabatan terakhir apabila menduduki jabatan struktural/ fungsional tertentu.
2) Salinan/foto copy sah keputusan dalam pengakatan terakhir.
3) Tembusan keputusan yang ditanda tanggani asli oleh Pejabat Pembina Kepegawaian tentang penetapan prestasi kerja luar biasa baiknya.
4) Foto copy sah daftar penilaian prestasi kerja/DP-3 dalam 1 (satu) tahun terakhir.
e. Kenaiakan pangkat pilihan Pegawai Negeri Sipil yang menemukan penemuan baru yang bermanfaat bagi Negara.
1) Salinan/foto copy sah keputusan pengakatan dalam jabatan terakhir apabila menduduki jabatan struktural/ fungsional tertentu.
2) Salinan/foto copy sah keputusan dalam pengakatan terakhir.
3) Salinan/foto copy sah keputusan tentang penemuan baru yang bermanfaat bagi negara Badan/Lembaga yang ditetapkan oleh Presiden;
4) Foto copy sah daftar penilaian prestasi kerja/DP-3 dalam 1 (satu) tahun terakhir.
f. Kenaikan pangkat pilihan Kepegawaian Negeri Sipil yang menjadi Pejabat Negara dan diberhentikan dari Jabatan organiknya :
1) Salinan/foto copy sah keputusan pengangkatan sebagai pejabat negara;
2) Salinan/foto copy sah keputusan dalam pangkat terakhir;
3) Foto copy sah daftar penilaian prestasi kerja/DP-3 dalam 1 (satu) tahun terakhir;
4) Salinan/foto copy sah keputusan pemberhentikan dari jabatan organik;
g. Kenaikan pangkat pilihan Pegawai negeri Sipil yang menjadi Pejabat Negara dan tidak diberhentikan dari jabatan organiknya :
1) Bagi yang menduduki jabatan struktural/fungsional tertentu, syarat yang diperlukan adalah sebagaimana tersebut dalam huruf b;
2) Bagi yang tidak menduduki jabatan struktural/fungsional tertentu syarat yang diperlukan adalah sebagaimana tersebut dalam huruf a.
h. Kenaikan Pangkat Pilihan Pegawai Negeri Sipil yang memperoleh Surat Tanda Tamat Belajar atau ijazah/diploma :
1) Salinan/foto copy sah dari Surat Tanda Tamat Belajar/Ijazah/Diploma;
2) Salinan/foto copy keputusan dalam pangkat terakhir;
3) Foto copy sah daftar penilaian prestasi kerja/DP-3 dalam1 (satu) tahun terakhir.
4) Asli penetapan angka kredit bagi Pegawai Negeri Sipil yang menduduki jabatan fungsional tertentu.
5) Surat keterangan Pejabat Pembina Kepegawaian serendah-rendahnya pejabat eselon II tentang uraian tugas yang dibebankan kepada Pegawai Negeri Sipil yang bersangkutan kecuali bagi yang menduduki jabatan fungsional tertentu; dan
6) Salinan/foto copy sah surat tanda lulus ujian kenaikan pangkat penyesuaian ijazah kecuali bagi yang menduduki jabatan fungsional tertentu;
i. Kenaikan pangkat pilihan Pegawai Negeri Sipil yang melaksanakan tugas belajar dan sebelumnya menduduki jabatan struktural atau jabatan fungsional tertentu;
1) Salinan/foto copy sah keputusan pengangkatan dalam jabatan terakhir.
2) Salinan/foto copy sah keputusan dalam pangkat terakhir.
3) Salinan/foto copy sah keputusan/perintah untuk tugas belajar
4) Foto copy sah daftar penilaian prestasi kerja/DP-3 dalam 2 (dua) tahun terakhir.
j. Kenaikan Pangkat Pilihan Pegawai negeri Sipil yang telah selesai mengikuti dan lulus tugas belajar :
1) Salinan/foto copy sah keputusan pengangkatan dalam jabatan yang terakhir didudukinya.
2) Salinan/foto copy sah keputusan dalam pangkat terakhir.
3) Salinan/foto copy sah keputusan/perintah untuk tugas belajar
4) Salinan/foto copy sah Ijazah/Diploma yang diperolehnya; dan
5) Foto copy sah daftar penilaian prestasi kerja/DP-3 dalam 1 (satu) tahun terakhir;
k. Kenaikan pangkat pilihan Pegawai Negeri Sipil yang dipekerjakan atau diperbantukan secara penuh diluar Instansi induknya yang diangkat dalam jabatan pimpinan yang telah ditetapkan persamaan eselonnya atau jabatan fungsional tertentu :
1) Salinan/foto copy sah keputusan pengangkatan dalam jabatan terakhir.
2) Salinan/foto copy sah keputusan dalam pangkat terakhir.
3) Salinan/foto copy sah keputusan tentang penugasan di luar instansi induknya.
4) Tembusan penetapan angka kredit yang ditandatangan asli oleh pejabat penilai angka kredit nagi Pegawai negeri Sipil yang menduduki jabatan fungsonal tertentu; dan
5) Foto copy sah daftar penilaian prestasi kerja/DP-3 dalam 2 (satu) tahun terakhir;
l. Kenaikan pangkat anumerta :
1) Salinan/foto copy sah keputusan dalam pangkat dan atau golongan ruang terakhir.
2) Berita Acara dari pejabat yang berwajib tentang kejadian yang mengakibatkan yang bersangkutan meninggal dunia.
3) Visum et repertum dari dokter.
4) Salinan/foto copy sah perintah penugasan, atau surat keterangan yang menerangkan bahwa calon Pegawai Negeri Sipil/Pegawai Negeri Sipl tersebut meninggal dunia dalam rangka menjalankan tugas kedinasan.
5) Laporan dari pimpinan unit kerja serendah-rendahnya eselon III kepada pejabat pembina kepegawaian yang bersangkutan tentang peristiwa yang mengakbitkan Pegawai Negeri Sipil yang bersangkutan tewas; dan
6) Salinan/foto copy sah keputusan sementara kenaikan pangkat anumerta.
m. Kenaikan pangkat pengabdian karena meninggal dunia :
1) Salinan/foto copy sah keputusan pengangkatan calon Pegawai Negeri Sipil;
2) Salinan/foto copy sah keputusan dalam pangkat terakhir;
3) Daftar penilaian prestasi kerja DP-3 dalam 1 (satu) tahun terakhir;
4) Surat keterangan kematian dari kepala Keluarahan/Desa;
5) Daftar riwayat pekerjaan dari Pejabat Pembina Kepegawaian, dibuat menurut contoh sebagaimana tersebut dalam Anak Lampiran I-p; dan
6) Surat pernyataan tidak pernah dijatuhi hukuman disiplin tingkat sedang atau berat dalam 1 (satu) tahun terakhir dari Pejabat Pembina Kepegawaian dibuat menurut contoh debgaimana tersebut dalam Anak Lampiran I-q;
n. Kenaikan pangkat pengabdian karena mencapai batas usia pensiun :
1) Salinan/foto copy sah keputusan pengangkatan calon Pegawai Negeri Sipil;
2) Salinan/foto copy sah keputusan dalam pangkat terakhir;
3) Daftar penilaian prestasi kerja DP-3 dalam 1 (satu) tahun terakhir;
4) Daftar riwayat pekerjaan dari Pejabat Pembina Kepegawaian, dibuat menurut contoh sebagaimana tersebut dalam Anak Lampiran I-p; dan
5) Surat pernyataan tidak pernah dijatuhi hukuman disiplin tingkat sedang atau berat dalam 1 (satu) tahun terakhir dari Pejabat Pembina Kepegawaian dibuat menurut contoh debgaimana tersebut dalam Anak Lampiran I-q;
o. Kenaikan pangkat pengabdian Pegawai Negeri Sipil yang dinyatakan cacat karena dinas :
1) Salinan/foto copy sah keputusan pengangkatan sebagai calon Pegawai Negeri Sipil/Pegawai Negeri Sipil;
2) Salinan/foto copy sah surat keputusan dalam pangkat terakhir;
3) Berita Acara dari pejabat yang berwajib tentang kejadian kecelakaan;
4) Salinan/foto copy sah surat perintah penugasan, atau surat keterangan yang menerangkan bahwa calon Pegawai Negeri Sipil/Pegawai Negeri Sipl tersebut mengalami kecelakan dalam menjalankan tugas kedinasan, dibuat menurut contoh sebagaimana tersebut dalam Anak Lampiran I-r;
5) Laporan dai pimpinan unit kerja serendah-rendahnya esolon III kepada pejabat pembina kepegawaian yang bersangkutan tenang peristiwa yang mengakibatkan Pegawai Negeri Sipil yang bersangkutan cacat;
6) Surat keterangan Tim Penguji Kesehatan yang menyatakan jenis cacat yang didertia oleh Pegawai Negeri Sipil yang bersangkutan dan tidak dapat bekerja lagi untuk semua jabatan negeri.
3. Kenaikan pangkat Pegawai Negeri Sipil yang akan pindah golongan disamping lampiran tersebut di atas, dilampirkan pula :
a. Salinan/foto copy sah tanda lulus ujian dinas Tingkat I untuk kenaikan pangkat dari Pengatur Tingkat I golongan ruang II/d menjadi Penata Muda golongan ruang III/a
b. Salinan/foto copy sah tanda lulus ujian dinas Tingkat II untuk kenaikan pangkat dari Penata Tingkat I golongan ruang III/d menjadi Pembina golongan IV/a.
Ketentuan ini tidak berlaku bagi Pegawai Negeri Sipil yang dikecualikan dari ujian dinas.
IX. KETENTUAN PERALIHAN
1. Pegawai Negeri sipil yang pada saat berlakunya Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 99 Tahun 2000 sebagaimana telah diubah dengan Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 12 Tahun 2002 telah menduduki jabatan struktural dan pangkatnya masih 2 (dua) tingkat atau di bawah jenjeang pangkat terendah yang ditentukan untuk jabatannya, dapat dinaikan pangkat setingkat lebih tinggi apabila :
a. Sekurang-kurangnya telah 4 (empat) tahun dalam pangkat terakhir;
b. Setiap unsur penilaian prestasi kerja/DP-3 bernilai baik dalam 2 (dua) tahun terakhir.
2. Pegawai Negeri Sipil yang pada saat berlakunya Peraturan pemerintah Nomor 84 Tahun 2000 telah menduduki jabatan struktural dan mengalami peningkatan eselon sehingga pangkatanya menjadai 2 (dua) tingkat atau lebih di bawah jenjang pangkat terendah yang ditentukan untuk jabatannya dapat dinaikkan pangkatnya apabila :
a. Sekurang-kurangnya telah 4 (empat) tahun dalam pangkat terakhir.
b. Setiap unsur penilaian prestasi kerja/DP-3 bernilai baik dalam 2 (dua) tahun terakhir
3. Apabila pangkat Pegawai Negeri Sipil sebagaimana dimaksud dalam angka 1 dan 2 telah 1 (satu) tingkat dibawah jenjang pangkat terendeah ditentukan untuk jabatannya, dapat dinaikkan pangkatnya setingkat lebih tinggi apabila :
a. Telah 1 (satu) tahun dalam pangkat terakhir.
b. Sekurang-kurangnya telah 1 (satu) tahun dalam jabatan struktural yang didudukinya ; dan
c. Setiap unsur penilaian prestasi kerja/DP-3 bernilai baik dalam 2 (dua) tahun terakhir.
4. Pegawai Negeri Sipil dan calon Pegawai Negeri Sipil yang pada saat atau sebelum berlakunya Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 98 Tahun 2000 sebagaimana telah diubah dengan Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 11 Tahun 2002 dan Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 99 Tahun 2000 sebagaimana telah diubah dengan Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 12 Tahun 2002, menggunakan :
a. Surat Tanda Tamat Belajar/Ijazah Sekolah Lanjutan Tingkat Pertama atau yang setingkat dan masih memiliki pangkat Juru Muda Tingkat I/ golongan ruang I/b disesuaikan menjadi pangkat Juru/golongan ruang I/c.
b. Ijazah sanjana muda, Ijazah Akademi atau Diploma III dan masih memiliki pangkat Pengatur Muda Tingkat I /golongan ruang II/b diseesuaikan menjadi pangkat Pengatur/golongan ruang II/c.
c. Ijazah Dokter/Ijazah Apoteker dan Magister (S2) atau Ijazah lain yang setara masih memiliki pangkat Penata Muda/golongan ruang III/a disesuaikan menjadi pangkat Penata Muda Tingkat I/golongan ruang III/b.
d. Ijazah Doktor dan masih memiliki pangkat Penata Muda Tingkat I/ golongan ruang III/b disesuaikan menjadi pangkat penata golongan ruang III/c.
Dalam ketentuan ini yang dimaksud dengan STTB/Ijazah yang dimiliki adalah STTB/Ijazah yang digunakan sebagai dsar pengangkatan calon Pegawai Negeri Sipil/ Pegawai Negeri Sipil atau STTB/Ijazah yang telah digunakan sebagai dasar kenaikan pangkat berdasarkan Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 3 Tahun 1980.
5. Penyesuaian pangkat/golongan ruang sebagaimana dimaksud diatas ditetapkan dengan keputusan Pejabat Pembina Kepegawaian setelah mendapat pertimbangan teknis dari Kepala Badan Kepegawaian Negara/Kepala Kantor Regional Badan Kepegawaian dan berlaku terhitung mulai tanggal 1 April 2001.
6. Masa Kerja untuk pangkat disesuaikan pangkatnya sebagaimana dimaksud dalam angka 4, dihitung sejak 1 April 2001.
X. KETENTUAN LAIN-LAIN
- Pegawai Negeri Sipil yang menjalankan dinas prajurit wajib dibebaskan dari jabatan organiknya dan tetap memiliki status sebagai Pegawai Negeri Sipil. Setelah selesai menjalani dinas prajurit wajib dan diberhentikan dengan hormat dari dinas prajurit wajib, yang bersangkutan diangkat kembali pada insransi semula dan diangkat dalam yang sekurang-kurangnya sama dengan pangkat terakhir yang dimilikinya sebelum menjalankan dinas prajurit wajib.
- Pegawai Negeri Sipil selama menjalani dinas prajurit wajib tidak diberikan kenaikan pangkat.. Pemberian pangkatnya dapat dipertimbangkan pada saat pengangkatan kembalai pada instansi induknya setelah ia selesai menjalanakan dinas prajurit wajib dengan memperhitungkan penuh masa kerja selama menjalankan dinas prajurit wajib dan dengan mempertimbangkan pangkat yang dimilikinya sebagai prajurit wajib.
Contoh :
Seorang Pegawai Negeri Sipil bernama Ir. SUKIRNO NIP. 090532231 diangkat sebagai calon Pegawai Negeri Sipil 1 April 1989 dalam golongan ruang III/a dan terhitung mulai tanggal 1 April 2000 diangkat menjadi Pegawai Negeri Sipil. Pada tanggal 1 Oktober 2000 yang bersangkutan menjalalni dinas prajurit wajib dan diberhentikan dengan hormat dari dinas Prajurit Wajib dengan pangkat terakhir Kapten pada akhir Maret 2006.
Dalam hal demikian, Sdr Ir. SUKIRNO diangkat kembalisebagai Pegawai Negeri Sipil dengan pangkat Penata golongan ruang III/c terhitung mulai tanggal 1 April 2006 (karena sesuai dengan ketentuan yang berlaku pangkat Kapten disamakan sengan Penata golongan ruan III/c).
- Kelengkapan administrasi pembarian pangkat Pegawai Negeri Sipil setelah menjalankan dinas Prajurit wajib
a. Salinan/foto copy sah keputusan dalam pangkat terakhir yang dimilikinya sebelum menjalankan dinas prajurit wajib.
b. Salinan/foto copy sah keputusan dalam menjalankan dinas prajurit wajib ;
c. Salinan/foto copy sah keputusan dalam pangkat terakhir sebagai prajurit wajib;
d. Salinan/foto copy sah keputusan pemberhentian dengan hormat sebagai prajurit wajib; dan
e. Foto copy sah daftar penilaian prestasi kerja/conduite staat dalam 1 (satu) tahun terakhir menjalani prajurit wajib.
- Pegawai Negeri Sipil yang diberhentikan dengan tidak hormat dari dinas prajurit wajib, di berhentikan tidak dengan hormat sebagai Pegawai Negeri Sipil
- Pegawai Negeri Sipil tidak dapat diberikan kenaikan pangkat melampaui pangkat atasan langsunganya, kecuali bagi yang :
a. Menduduki jabatan fungsional tertentu.
b. Dapatkan keniakan pangkat karena prestasi kerja luar biasa baiknya.
c. Mendapatkan kenaikan pangkat karena penemuan baru yang bermenfaat bagi negara.
d. Jabatan atasan langsungnya bukan jabatan struktural.
- Pegawai Negeri Sipil yang menduduki jabatan struktural dan pangkatnya telah mencapai pangkat tertinggi dalam jenjang pangkat pada jabatannya, dapat diberikan kenaikan pangkat reguler berdasarkan Ijazah yang dimilikinya sepanjang memenuhi syarat lainnya.
- Kenaikan pangkat yang telah ditetapkan sebelum berlakunya keputusan ini, sepanjang tidak bertentangan dengan peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku, dinyatakan tetap berlaku.
- bagi Pegawai Negeri Sipil yang diangkat dalam jabatan struktural setelah berlakunya Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 100 Tahun 2000 sebagaimana telah diubah dengan Perturan Pemerintah Nomor 13 Tahun 2002 dan tidak memenuhi kesyaratan kepangkatan, kecuali yang diatur sebagaimana tersebut dalam angka IX angka 2, tidak dapat diberikan kenaikkan pangkat berdasaarkan jabatan yang didudukinya.
Contoh :
Seorang Pegawai Negeri Sipil bernama ALEX, SH NIP. 010000540 pangkat Pembina golongan ruang IV/a diangkatan dalam jabatan struktural eselon II a, terhitung mulai tanggal 1 Juli 2001 dan dilantik pada tanggal 5 Juli 2001.
Dalam hal yang demikian, karena pengangkatan tersebut tidak memenuhi persyaratan kepangkatn untuk jabatan struktural eselon II a, maka Saudara ALEX, SH tidak dapat diberikan kenaikan pangkat dalam surat keputusan pengangkatan dalam jabatan strukturalnya dinyatakan tidak sah.
XI. PENUTUP
Demikian untuk dilaksanakan dengan sebaik-baiknya
Ditetapkan di Jakarta
Pada tanggal 17 Juni 2002
KEPALA
BADAN KEPEGAWAIAN NEGARA
SUNARTI
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